Refresher Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
Most rapid fixative and is especially recommended for fixing lymph glands, urgent biopsies, and chromosomes
A
Carnoy’s fluid
2
Q
The most common metallic fixative
A
Mercuric chloride fixatives
3
Q
The most common decalcifying agent
A
Nitric acid
4
Q
The most rapid decalcifying agent
A
Phloroglucin Nitric acid
5
Q
Best and fast acting dehydrating agent
A
Ethanol
6
Q
The most common clearing agent
A
Xylene
7
Q
Most common embedding medium
A
Paraffin wax
8
Q
Substitute for Xylene or Benzene
A
Toluene
9
Q
The most common staining method for MICROANATOMICAL STUDY
A
H&E staining technique
10
Q
The process by which the tissues are fixed in a physical and partly also in a chemical state
A
Fixation (Preservation)
11
Q
Best results in fixation are obtained through what type of solutions?
A
Slightly hypertonic solution (400-450 mOsm)
12
Q
The concentration of formaldehyde used as fixative is approximately ___ weight in volume
A
37-40% weight in volume or
35-40% gas by weight
13
Q
Fixative that is classified as both a nuclear and histochemical fixative
A
Newcomer’s fluid
14
Q
Paraformaldehyde deposits are formed when formalin is stored for a long time in ___ temperature, but this can be remedied by using ____.
A
Cold, 10%Methanol
15
Q
Fixative used for sputum cytology
A
Alcoholic formalin (Gendre’s fixative)
16
Q
A fixative that is made up of 2 formaldehyde residues linked by 3 carbon chains
A
Glutaraldehyde
(recommended for electron microscopy and histochemistry)
17
Q
Frequently used concentration of Mercuric chloride fixatives
A
4-7% or 5-7%
18
Q
The routine fixative for preservation of cell detail in tissue photography
A
Mercuric chloride
19
Q
An excellent microanatomic fixative for pituitary gland, bone marrow, and blood-containing organs
A
Zenker-Formol (Helly’s fluid)
20
Q
A mercuric chloride fixative that is commonly used for bone marrow biopsies
A
B-5 fixative
21
Q
A fixative that is recommended for the demonstration of acid mucopolysaccharides and conective tissue mucin
A
Lead fixative
22
Q
A fixative recommended for the demonstration of chromaffin tissues, adrenal medulla and mitochondria
A
Chromate
23
Q
The recommended fixative for demonstration of mitochondria, chromatin, golgi bodies and mitotic figures
A
Regaud’s fluid (Moeller’s fluid)
24
Q
The recommended fixative for study of early degenerative processes and tissue necrosis and demonstration of Rickettsia
A
Orth’s fluid
25
The recommended fixative for fixation of embryos and pituitary biopsies
Bouin's fluid
26
The fixative that is used as a diluent for the Wright's stain and excellent for fixing dry and wet smears
Methanol
27
Fixatives that are used in fixing brain tissues (Negri bodies) for rabies diagnosis
Acetone (1st choice), Carnoy's fluid (2nd choice)
28
Recommended fixative for cytoplasmic structures such as mitochondria
Flemming's fluid w/o acetic acid
29
Recommended fixative for nuclear structures such as chromosomes
Flemming's fluid w/ acetic acid
30
Fixatives used for electron microscopy
Glutaraldehyde,
Osmium tetroxide/Osmic acid,
Acrolein mixture w/ glutaraldehyde-formaldehyde,
Karnovsky's paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde mixture
31
The reagent that is used for washing out excess mercuric fixative
Alcoholic iodine
32
Used to wash chromate, formalin, and osmic acid
Tap water
33
Used to wash picric acid
50-70% Alcohol
34
Possible cause of too hard or brittle tissue blocks
Prolonged fixation
35
Failure to arrest early cellular autolysis is due to
Due to failure to fix tissue immediately or due to insufficient fixative
36
Too brittle and too hard blocks is caused by
Prolonged fixation
37
Soft and feather-like tissues is due to
Due to incomplete fixation
38
Removal of fixative soluble substances is caused by
Wrong choice of fixative
39
Presence of artifact pigments on sections is due to
Incomplete washing of fixative
40
Shrinkage and swelling of cells in tissue blocks is due to
Due to overfixation
41
Enzyme inactivation and loss is due to
Wrong choice of fixative
42
It is the best general tissue fixative
10% Neutral Buffered Formalin (Phosphate buffered formalin)
43
Best fixative for CNS, general post-mortem tissues, and silver impregnation
10% Formol-Saline
44
Best fixative for frozen sections and elastic fibers
10% Neutral Buffered Formalin
45
A specialized fixative used in frozen section which serves to localize antigens and hydrolytic enzymes. Used for preservation if lipids,
Formol-Calcium (Baker's Formol Calcium)
46
Formalin usage by-products
Paraformaldehyde and Formic acid
47
Fixatives recommended for renal biopsies
Mercuric chloride fixative
48
A fixative that is used for the preservation of the tumor biopsies of the skin
Heidenhain's Susa
49
This group of fixatives produces excessive yellow staining of tissues
Chromate fixatives
50
Air-filled lungs may float on fixative. What must be done to avoid this?
Cover the lungs with gauze
51
Used to decontaminate prions-infected tissue
Immersion of specimen in:
Formalin (48hrs)
Formic acid (1hr)
Formalin(48hrs)
52
A procedure whereby calcium or lime salts are removed from tissues
Decalcification
53
List of decalcifying agents (in general)
1. Acids (routinely used)
2. Chelating agents (EDTA)
3. Ion-exchange resin
4. Electrophoresis
54
Substances which combine with calcium ions and other salts to form weakly dissociated complexes and facilitate removal of calcium salt
Chelating agents (EDTA)
-Versene, Sequestrene
55
EDTA-decalcified tissue rinsing process
1. Wash in running tap water
2. Overnight immersion in formol saline or phosphate buffered formalin
56
The most common decalcifying agent used
Nitric acid
57
How to prevent discoloration caused by Nitric acid
1. By neutralizing the tissue with 5% sodium sulfate and washing in running tap water for at least 12 hours or by
2. Addition of 0.1% urea to pure concentrated nitric acid.
58
A decalcifying agent that can also be used as a tissue softener
Perenyi's fluid
59
The most rapid decalcifying agent and is recommended for urgent works
Phloroglucin nitric acid
60
The weakest decalcifying agent and is used only for minute pieces of bone
Sulfurous acid
61
Von Ebner's fluid is recommended for teeth and small pieces of bones. Its components include:
1. 36% Saturated Aqueous Sodium Chloride
2. Concentrated Hydrochloric acid
3. Distilled water
62
Methods to determine the extent of decalcification
1. Physical method
2. Radiological
3. Chemical method
63
A method to detect the extent of decalcification which cannot be used for mercuric chloride-fixed tissues
Radiological (X-ray)
64
The process of removing intracellular and extracellular water from the tissue
Dehydration/Dessication
65
It is the best dehydrating agent
Ethanol
66
A dehydrating agent used as a substitute for ethanol
Isopropanol
67
A dehydrating agent utilized for plant and animal microtechniques
Butanol
68
A toxic dehydrating agent usually for blood and tissue films
Methanol
69
A dehydrating agent that is limited inly to small pieces of tissue due to its extreme volatility and flammability
Acetone
70
The reason why a clearing agent turns milky when the tissue is transferred to it
Incomplete dehydration
71
The process whereby alcohol is removed from the tissue and replaced by a fluid that will dissolve the wax with which the tissue must be impregnated.
Clearing/Dealcoholization
72
The most commonly used and is considered as an excellent and true clearing agent
Xylene
73
A clearing agent that is carcinogenic and may cause aplastic anemia
Benzene
74
A clearing agent that becomes milky on prolonged storage and its quality is not always good and uniform
Cedarwood oil
75
The clearing agent recommended for clearing embryos, insects and very delicate specimens
Aniline oil
76
A slow-acting clearing agent that can be used when double-embedding techniques are required
Methyl salicylate/ Methyl benzoate
77
Properties are very similar to chloroform but is cheaper
CCL4 (Carbon tetrachloride)
78
The process whereby the clearing agent is completely removed from the tissue and replaced by a medium that will fill all natural cavities, spaces and interstices of the tissues to provide solid and firm consistency.
Inflitration/Impregnation
79
The process by which the impregnated tissue is placed into a precisely arranged position in a mold containing a medium, which is then allowed to solidify.
Embedding/Blocking/Casting
80
Processes done by the automatic tissue processor (Elliot bench-type tissue processor)
Fixation,
Dehydration,
Clearing,
Impregnation
81
Manual paraffin wax impregnation requires at least ____ changes of wax with _____minutes interval.
4 changes, 15 minutes
82
The most rapid impregnation technique is ___; nit is impregnation under _____.
Vacuum method, negative atmospheric pressure
83
Substitutes for Paraffin wax:
1. Paraplast
2. Embeddol
3. Bioloid
4. Ester wax
5. Carbowax
84
Melting point of paraffin wax
54-58 deg Celsius
85
Recommended infiltrating agent when histochemical and enzymatic studies are considered
-Gelatin
-Carbowax
86
Embedding medium that is used for Electron microscopy
Plastic/Resin (Epoxy)
87
A semisynthetic wax that is used for embedding eyes
Bioloid
88
Double-embedding method is the process in which tissues are first infiltrated with ____ and subsequently embedded in_____.
Celloidin; Paraffin
89
A process whereby tissues are cut into uniformly thin slices with the aid of microtome to facilitate the studies under the microscope.
Sectioning/Cutting
90
The thickness of paraffin section is about
4-6 micrometer
(Celloidin= 10-15 um)
91
The removal of gross nicks and irregularities from the knife is called
Honing
92
Available in a wide variety of fineness; Used only for badly nicked knives
Carborundum hone
93
A stone of medium fineness
Arkansas stone
94
The finest hone
Yellow Belgian/Belgium
95
In plane concave knife, one side of the knife is flat/straight while the other is concave. The straight side is used for cutting ____ while the concave side is used for cutting____
Celloidin sections,
Paraffin sections
96
A knife that is used for cutting paraffin sections
Biconcave
97
A knife with straight sides that is used for cutting frozen sections and extremely hard and tough specimens
Plane wedge
98
The temperature of water bath is kept at
45-50 deg Celsius (6-10 deg C below the melting point of wax)
99
Temperature of paraffin oven (infiltration)
2-5 deg Celsius above the melting point of wax
100
A microtome that is used for fluorescent antibody staining techniques or histochemical enzyme studies
Cryostat/Cold microtome
101
The process by which a tissue is arranged in a precise position in the mold during embedding, on the microtome before cutting, and on the slide before staining
Orientation
102
Base sledge is a type of
-Sliding microtome
103
Cryostat chamber is set at what temperature
5-30 deg Celsius/
18-20 deg Celsius
(common is 20degC)
104
The process whereby various constituents of tissues are studies thru chemical reactions that will permit microscopic localization of a specific tissue substance
Histochemical staining/Histochemistry
105
Natural dyes
-Hematoxylin
-Cochineal
-Orcein
-Saffron
106
Sometimes known as "coal tar dyes" since they were originally manufactured from substances that have been taken from Coal tar.
Synthetic dye
107
Staining of tissues by simple dyes
Direct/Simple staining
108
Continuous staining until desired intensity is achieved
Progressive staining
109
Overstaining and then decolorizing to reach desired intensity
Regressive staining
110
Used to stain tissues immediately after removal from the body
Supravital staining
111
Injecting the dye into living cells
Intravital staining
112
Selective staining of the living calls and shows cytoplasmic activities
Vital staining
113
What is the best vital stain?
Neutral Red
114
The most common counterstain used in routine hemoxylin stain
Eosin Y
115
Most commonly used in metallic impregnation. Used for the demonstration of CNS tissues and reticulin
Silver nitrate
116
Most important stain derived from the core of heartwood tree H. campechianum
Hematoxylin
117
From vegetables sources and lichens
Orcein
118
A substance which when taken up by the tissue, helps make the dye in return serving as a link or bridge to make the staining reaction possible.
Mordant
119
Most reliable and specific stain for DNA. Stains DNA red-purple.
Feulgen stain
120
Stains RNA red and DNA green.
Methyl green pyronin
121
Fluorescent stain for DNA (yellow-green fluorescence) and RNA (orange-red fluorescence)
Acridine orange
122
Best staining procedure for reticulin fibers
Metallic/Silver impregnation
123
Red chromogen in immunoperoxidase reaction
Aminoethylcarbazole (AEC)
124
Brown chromogen in immunoperoxidase reaction
Diaminobenzidine (DAB)
125
Mixture of picric acid and acid fuchsin for the demonstration of connective tissues, mucin, and elastic tissue
Acid fuchsin-Picric acid (Van Gieson's stain)
126
The oldest of all stains; stains amyloid, cellulose, starch, carotenes, and glycogen
Iodine
127
An excellent stain for elastic fibers
Orcein
128
Used for visualizing mitochondria
Janus Green B
129
Stains that are utilized for staining ferrous iron
Turnbull's Blue reaction
130
Hematoxylin that is used for the demonstration of spermatogenesis
Copper hematoxylin
131
Special stain for hemoglobin
Benzidine
132
Special stain for blood
Rhodamine B
133
Special stain for Calcium salts
Acridine Red 3B
134
Special stain for acid mucopolysaccharides
Alcian blue
135
Special stain for neuroglia
Victoria blue
136
Special stain for reticulocytes
Cresyl blue
137
Specific stain used to identify Hemosiderin (ferric iron)
Perl's Prussian Blue
138
The adhesive agent that is very useful in cytology particularly for cytospin preparations of proteinaceous or bloody material
3-APES (Aminopropyltriethoxysilane)
139
Composition of Mayer's egg albumin
Egg white 50 mL
Glycerin 50 mL
Thymol crystals 100 mg
140
Composition of 1% Gelatin
Gelatin 1g
Distilled water 100 mL
Glycerin 15 mL
Phenol crystals 2g
141
Composition of Dried Albumin
Dried albumin 5g
Sodium chloride 5 g
Distilled water 100 mL
Thymol crystals
142
What does 3-APES mean?
Aminopropyltriethoxysilane
143
Composition Starch Paste
Powdered starch 1g,
Distilled water 30 mL,
Hydrochloric acid 2 drops
Thymol crystals
144
Readily available from outdated blood stored in blood banks, dispensed into sterile tubes of 0.5 mL each.
Plasma
145
Very useful cytology particularly for cytospin preparations of proteinaceous or bloody material.
3-APES
146
Added to the starch paste in order to prevent mold formation
Thymol crystals
147
Refractive index of a glass
1.518
148
Used for Methylene blue-stained nerve preparations and as a general purpose aqueous mountant
Apathy's medium
149
A natural resin that is recommended for whole mounts and for thick sections
Canada balsam
150
It is incorporated in Pap staining technique for cytologic studies of immature cells
Eosin azure
151
The process by which a tissue is arranged in a precise position in the mold during embedding, on the microtome before cutting, and on the slide before staining.
Orientation
152
The process of sealing the margins of the coverslip to prevent escape of fluid or semi-fluid mounts and evaporation of mountant to immobilize the coverslip and to prevent sticking of slides upon storage
Ringing
153
Marker for choriocarcinoma
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin
154
Useful in differentiating lung adrenocarcinomas from mesotheliomas
TTF1 (Thyroid Transcription Factor 1)
155
Useful in diagnosis of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Positive in certain pancreatic and salivary gland tumor
PSA (Prostate Specific Antigen)
156
Used to identify tumors derived from smooth, skeletal and cardiac muscles
Actin
157
Most widely used to confirm the diagnosis of astrocytoma
GFAP (Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein)
158
Best screening marker for lymphoma
LCA (Leukocyte Common Antigen/CD 45)
159
Provides strong evidence of neural and neuroendocrine differentiation
NSE (Neuron Specific Enolase)
160
Recognized as a marker for neuroendocrine differentiation
Chromogranin
161
Highly specific for myogenic tumors including leiomyoma and rhabdomyosarcoma
Desmin
162
Polyclonal antibodies used in immunohistochemical techniques are derived from
Rabbits
163
An excellent dehydrating and clearing agent, but is expensive, extremely dangerous and its vapor is toxic to man
Dioxane/Diethyl dioxide
164
It is made up of mercuric chloride stock solution to which glacial acetic acid has been added just before its use to prevent turbidity and formation of dark precipitate. It is recommended for fixing small pieces of liver, spleen, connective tissue fibers and nuclei.
Zenker's fluid
165
It is not suitable for fixing kidney structures, lipid and mucus. Destroys cytoplasmic structures like mitochondria
Bouin's fluid
166
It is highly explosive when dry, and therefore must be kept moist with distilled water or saturated alcohol at 0.5-1% concentration during storage.
Picric acid
167
It is recommended for fixing mucopolysaccharide and nuclear proteins. Acts as both Nuclear and Histochemical fixative
Newcomer's fluid
168
Used for detection of herpetic lesions and carcinoma
Vulvar scrape
169
Used to collect samples of endocervical canal
Endocervical brush
170
The best staining method of choice for exfoliative cytology
Pap's stain/Pap's smear
171
An equipment used for vaginal aspiration
Glass pipette and rubber bulb
172
Equipment used for swab smear
Ayre's spatula
173
Equipment used for endocervical and endometrial aspiration
Laryngeal cannula attached to a 10-cc syringe
174
Programmed cell death
Apoptosis
175
Accidental cell death from due to trauma
Necrosis
176
Organs removed one by one is a technique of whom?
Virchow
177
Technique characterized by in situ dissection, in part combined with en bloc removal
Technique of Rokitansky
178
Technique by which thoracic and cervical organs, abdominal organs and the urogenital system are removed as organ blocks
Technique of Ghon
179
En bloc removal technique is widely used
Modification of Ghon's technique
180
Autopsy technique by which thoracic, cervical, abdominal and pelvic organs are removed en masse and subsequently dissected into organ blocks
Technique of Letulle
181
Which knife is used for celloidin sections?
Plane concave
182
What is the paraffin impregnation temperature?
2-5deg C above the melting point of the wax
183
Plastic resin utilized for light microscopy
Acrylic plastics
184
Plastic resin embedding medium recommended for EM but not for immunohistochemistry
Epoxy
185
Most commonly used fixative for cytological examination
95% ethanol
186
Who does the autopsy?
The pathologist
187
Factors for tumor grading
1. Polarity of the cell
2. N:C ratio
3. Number and characteristics of mitoses
4. Hyperchromaticity
188
Changes of intercellular structural pattern
1. Increase in size
2. Irregular shape
3. Irregular chromatin
4. Anisocytosis and anisokaryosis
5. Excessive growth and overcrowding of cells
189
Classes of Cancer
I- Absence of abnormal or atypical cells
II- Atypical cytologic feature but not suggestive of malignancy
III- Cytologic feature suggestive but not conclusive of malignancy
IV- Cytologic feature strongly suggestive of malignancy
V- Cytologic feature conclusive of malignancy
190
Primary signs of death
1. Respiratory failure
2. Cardiovascular failure
3. CNS failure (1st to occur)
191
The first demonstrable change of death
Algor mortis (cooling of the body)
192
Occurs 2-3 hours after death
Rigor mortis (stiffening of the skeletal muscle)
193
Post-mortem lividity/suggilations; purplish discoloration
Livor mortis
194
Drying and wrinkling of the anterior chamber if the eye
Dessication
195
Decomposition; Invasion of intestinal microorganisms
Putrefaction
196
Self-digestion of cells
Autolysis
197
Formation of chicken fat and currant jelly-like clot
Post-mortem clotting
198
An increase in size of tissues because of the increase in size of individual cells
Hypertrophy
199
An increase in size of tissue because of increase in the number of cells that make up the tissue
Hyperplasia
200
A retrogressive change in cellular growth pattern characterized by non-appearance of an organ.
Agenesia
201
Incomplete or underdevelopmemt of the organ
Hypoplasia
202
Incomplete or defective development of a tissue or organ
Aplasia
203
Failure of an organ to form an opening
Atresia
204
Considered to be the most common type of necrosis usually observed in the myocardium, lungs, kidneys, and the spleen
Coagulative necrosis
205
