reg Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
In addition to obesity which other conditions are associated with the metabolic syndrome
A
Cardiovascular disease
Renal failure
Dyslipidemia
Hypertension (high blood pressure)
2
Q
Above what BMI levels is someone classed as obese?
A
> 30
3
Q
In 2018 the proportion of children (11-15 years of age) within the UK that were classed as overweight or obese was?
A
20%
4
Q
Obesity is a heterogeneous group of conditions with multiple causes that can be influenced by
A
Enviromental factors
Genetics
5
Q
Obesity is associated with increased risk of
A
Type 2 diabetes
Stroke
Dementia
6
Q
The hypothalamus can influence energy balance and body weight by changing
A
Behaviour
Neuroendocrine system
Autonomic nervous system activity
7
Q
Satiation signals can influence energy intake by
A
suppressing appetite
slowing gastric emptying
8
Q
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is found
A
in babies as well as along the spine
9
Q
Brown adipose tissue gets its colour due to
A
tightely packed mitchondira
10
Q
The main uncoupling protein expressed within the mitochondria of adipocytes involved in adaptive thermogenesis is
A
UCP1
11
Q
Rodent models of monogenic obesity led to the discovery of which hormone
A
Leptin
12
Q
The obesogenic phenotype of the db/db mouse can be rescued by the injection of leptin
A
False
13
Q
Leptin in an afferent hormone released from
A
adipocytes
14
Q
Which of the following is the only orexigenic hormone
A
Leptin Ghrelin Insulin Adiponectin (ghrelin)
15
Q
What are three funtions of leptin
A
Memory formation
Immune response
Reproductive hormone balance
16
Q
Second order neurons begin in the
A
LHA, PVN
17
Q
what is the product of sequential cleavages of Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)?
A
alpha MSH
18
Q
name three similarites between leptin and insulin
A
Circulates in proportion to adiposity
Is an anorexigenic hormone
Has a specialised transport system into the brain
19
Q
The hypothalamus is a brain region central to
A
survival
20
Q
Leptin and Insulin receptors are expressed highly in the
A
ARC (in the brain)
21
Q
NPY and AgRP produce which type of response?
A
Orexigenic
22
Q
Alpha MSH produces which type of response?
A
Anorexigenic
23
Q
what is Anorexigenic
A
decrease food intake
24
Q
What is Orexigenic
A
increaase food intake
25
Agouti is ectopically expressed in the Ay mouse model. In the brain it binds to the AgRP receptor ...
MC3/4R
26
Why is recombinant leptin therapy not a viable treatment for the majority of obese patientsImmersive Reader
They already have high blood leptin levels
27
What is the most common cause of obesity
mutations in the MC4R
28
What are the Two main ideas for leptin resistance
prevention of leptin activation
| impared transport of leptin into the brain
29
What three proteins are activated by leptin siganlling
JAK2-STAT3
AMPK
PI3K
30
PTP1B is a
Phosphatase
31
SOCS3 expression is decreased in mouse models of obesity true of false
false
32
what are three mouse models for obesity
Fatty rat
Ob/Ob
DIO
33
Mutations in what genes have been idetified with human genetic obesity
POMC
PC-1
MC4R
34
what is a common side effect of obesity drugs
cardiovasuclar events
35
what was for a long time the only drug approved to treat obesity
orlistat
36
what are three drugs used to treat obesity
Rimonabant
Lariglutide
Qsymia
37
The average weight loss with Bariatric surgery is
50-60%
38
what is the only drug allowed ot treat obeisty in the US
Lorcaserin
39
Give an exmaple of something that inhibts GH secreation by the pituitary
increased blood glucose
40
what transcribes the GW gene in somatotrophs
Pit-1
41
what are the hormones commanly assosiated with regulating growth
Thyroid Hormone
Testosterone
Growth Hormone
IGF-1
42
What are the four important name and strucutre facts about GH
It has a half-life of 25-30 min in the blood circulation
Has a molecular size of ~20-22 kDa
Secreted in a pulsatile manner from the pituitary gland
Also known as somatotropin
43
what are the consequnces of GH action
Increased hepatic IGF-1 production
Increased cellular protein synthesis
Spared utilisation of glucose as a metabolic fuel
Increased lipolysis
44
___(# )____ molecule(s) of GH bind(s) to ___(# )____ receptor(s). Signal transduction follows which leads to the production of _____. This signaling occurs via the ______ family of intracellular tyrosine kinases and the ______ family of transcription factors.
One; Two; IGF-1; JAK; STAT
45
what IGF-1 binding proteins is the carrier for the IGF-1 in plasma for promoting somatic growth
IGF-3 BP1
46
Acromegaly is assoated with what
the continoues secreation of GH in adualts
47
hyperplasia is what
increased cell production
48
what conditions result in a short height
Hyposecretion of Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Failure to generation IGF in the liver
Growth hormone receptor deficiency
49
where are glucagon and trypsin made
Glucagon - Alpha Cells (Source)
| Trypsin - Acinar Cells (Source)
50
what is the name given to insulin resistance/lack
Diabetes Mellitus
51
what K channels are important for the funtion of beta cells
K-ATP channels
52
Alpha cells are found in _________ of the islet while beta cells are usually found in the __________ of the islet
Periphery, Centre
53
Somatostatin will inhibt secreation of
insulin, glucagon, GH
54
how is insulin manufactured
in a pre pro form in the alpha cells
55
when is pancreatic glucagon release stimulated
in hypoglycemai
56
what dose insulin release need
an increase incytoslic release
57
what dose glycgon bind to in the liver
GPCR
58
where is pancreatic polypeptide secreated
by F cells in the endocrone portion of the islets of langergnas
59
what dose hyposecreation of insulin cause
Diabetes Mellitus
Hyperglycemia
Increased gluconeogenesis
60
what stimulates insulin release
Increase in blood glucose
Increase in amino acids
Increase in sympathetic neural activity
61
can someone live without a pancrease
yes
62
what transporter mediates the transfer of fructose across mammalina cell membranes
GLUT2 and GLUT 5
63
what drives glucose transport by GLUT2 across the cell membrane
glucose chemical gradient
64
what GLUT transporter are in class 1
GLUT1,3,4 are high affinity binding proteins with GLUT2 low affinity
65
what GLUT transporter are in class 2
GLUT5,7,9,11 have low glucose affinity and transport fructose
66
what GLUT transporter are in class 3
GLUT6,8,10,12
67
what are two things about Cytochalasin B
it is a fungal metabolite and binds to glucose in a 1:1 ratio
68
what is the insulin receptor made up of
an alpha and beat subunit with the alpha completely extracelluar and the beta a single transmembrane
69
How are the alpha and beta of the insulin receptor bound toghether
by disulphide bonds
70
what are the substrates for phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)?
Phosphatidyl inositol
| Phosphatidyl inositol 4,5 bisphosphate
71
Protein Kinase B is phosphorylated and activated by___________and ___________on ________ and __________residues, respectively
PDK1; mTORC2; Thr308; Ser473
72
what dose exersies stimulate to increase GLUT 4 translocation
AMPK
73
What stimules activates AMPK
Exercise
AMP
Metformin
AICAR
74
what dose metoformin do 3 things
Stimulates glucose uptake in skeletal muscle
Inhibits hepatic gluconeogenesis
Stimulates AMPK
75
what kinase is important in insulin siganl tranduciton
PKB
76
Insulins activaty on GSK3 is
activation
77
what kind of kinase is the insulin receptor
tyrosin
78
when insulin binds to its receptor what happens
there is a confomational shift and autophosphorylation of the receptor as well as binding of singnalling protiens that mediate signlling
79
PI3 kinase phosphoralytes what
phospholipids
80
what dose glucagon act through
cAMP
81
metformin needs beta cells to work T F
false
82
what action dose metformin have on the body
inhibits gluconegenesis and increases glucose uptake
83
how dose metformin enter the cell
through the OTC1 transporter
84
how is AMPK activated by metformin
inhibits complex 1 that casues NADH to ATP ratio to change activaitng the AMPK
85
Sulphonylureas do what
promote insulin secretion by blocking the ATP-sensitive K channel like ATP causing an AP form and insulin to be released
86
Glucagon effects
increase blood glucose through increased glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis and supressing glycolysis
87
insullin action in adipose tissue
supress breakdown of triglycerides
88
glucagon action in adipose tissue
increases breakdown of triglycerides
89
SGLT2 what are they
work in the kidneys for the reabsorbtion of glucose fomr the urine used for tpye 2
90
what rate is glucose saturation
>10mm/L
91
what do SLGT 2 inhibitors casue for weight
weight loss as due to osmolarity the water is drawn away form the urine
92
Thiazolidinediones what dose it do
increases glucose uptake in sketal muscels and decreases glucose release by the liver
93
Glucagon-like peptide (GLP)-1 agonist funtion
increase expression of incretins
94
what are incretins
released after a meal supress appettie and increase insulin secreation
95
DPP-4 inhibitors
block the action of DPP-4 that inactives the incretins
96
what GLP-1 agonists types are there
types fast acting (liraglutide) > 24hr and slow (exenatide) <24hr
97
DPP-4 side effects
do not cause weight gain and will reduce HbA1c by 0.43-1.47 % but do not increase cardiovascular events and may reduce blood pressure and also carry a low risk of hypoglycaemia
98
GLP-1 effects
* Β-cells in the pancreas enhance glucose dependant insulin secretion
* Α-cells in the pancreas supresses the postprandial (after eating) glucagon secretion
* In the liver it reduces hepatic glucose output
* Slows the rate of gastric emptying in the stomach
* In the brain reduces appetite and promotes feeling full
99
what are the main funtions of the kidney get 5 out of all
1. Maintain water balance
2. Maintain proper osmolarity
3. Regulate quantity and concentration of extracellular fluid ions Na, K
4. Maintaining plasma volume
5. Maintain acid-base balance
6. Excretion end products of bodily metabolism
7. Extracting foreign compounds
8. Producing erythropoietin
9. Making renin
10. Converting vit D to an active form
11. Glucose homeostasis
100
look up the strucure of the kidney and its funtion
thoughts
101
look up insulin siganlling and thoughts
ideas
102
look up renal singanlling
thougsts
103
Systemic arteries , arterioles and capillaries
carry oxygenated blood form the left ventricle to systemic organs
104
Systemic veins, venules and capillaries
carry deoxygenated blood and waste from periphery towards the right atria
105
what are the three main layers of ariters
intima
media
Adventitia/externa
106
descirbe the intima
is the blood facing layer and is made up of endothelial cells + subendothelial space and is a single cell layer and acts as a barrier to pathogens in the blood and communicate to the vascular smooth muscle to regulate diameter
107
describe the media
made of vascular smooth muscles and will change the diameter
108
descibe the Adventitia/externa
– a collagen rich layer with sympathetic nerves are found as well as elastic and a vaso vasorum ( for capillaries to embed in the layer)
109
veins intma
- endothelial cells
110
veins Media
– small amounts of vascular smooth muscle
111
veins Externa-
thicker than arteries and is less elastic
112
what are the four hormones that regulate vascualr tone
hormones nitric oxide, endothelial derived hyperpolarising factor (EDHF), endothelin-1 (ET-1) and angiotensin II
113
where is nitric oxide sythesised
endothelial cells where it will then pass through the sub-endothelila space
114
what is the role of nitric oxide
activate the guanylyl cyclase that will convert GTP to cGTP activating the PKG causing the relaxation of the smooth muscles
115
what activates nitirc oxide production
A GPRC will be stimulated by a ligand (Ach) activating a phosphorylation cascade causing intracellular Ca to be released activating the calmodulin that will then cause synthesis of NO from arginine
116
how dose EDHF cause vasodilation
cause a K efflux to relax the muscels
117
ET-1 effect
vasoconstriction where after getting made in a prepro form it also inhibits NO bioavability and promotes inflamation
118
Angiotensin II causes
causes smooth muscle contraction via the GPCR and Ca release
119
what four things increase type 2 diabetes risk
obesity, dyslipidaemia , rasied blood pressure and raised blood glucose
120
look at therpaies for vascular dyfuntion
thoughs
121
Atherosclerosis 5 stages are
1. Endothelial dysfunction
2. Immune cell infiltration
3. Fatty streak
4. Young plaque
5. Unstable plaque
122
1. Endothelial dysfunction is what
there is a loss in enothelium-dervied vasomotor control well lower NO and greater ET-1 those that have it also have high cell permeability, high chemokine and cytokine secretion
123
Immune cell infiltration
– this is were immune cells infiltrate the sub-endothelial space you will find increased adhesion molecules on endothelial cells eg ICAM-1,VCAM-1
124
Fatty streak
this is where more ox-LDL (Oxidized low-density lipoprotein) are found in the sub-endothelial and phagocytosis of ox-LDL by macrophages occurs. It is seen as a fatty streak on the lumen
125
Young plaque
Foam cells accumulate and fibrous cap thins as the fat increases and the fibrous cap ( barrier into the blood ) thins
126
Unstable plaque
– the plaque becomes unstable and will start to calcify as well as becoming likely to rupture
