Regenerating Places Flashcards
(84 cards)
1
Q
Why has the primary sector declined overtime?
A
- Became cheaper to import overseas
- machines doing work for humans “Agricultural mechanism”
2
Q
Reasons for changes in the secondary sector
A
- environmental impacts of industries
- outsourcing to lower cost economies
3
Q
Reasons for changes in the tertiary sectors?
A
- increased demand in services (disposal incomes ⬆️)
- diversify economy to find new forms of employments to replace secondary
4
Q
From March to May 2024 how many people 16+ were in employment?
A
33 million
74.4%
5
Q
How many people were working temporary/seasonal work in the uk in May 2024
A
1.42 million
(PREFFERED by students and semi retired people)
6
Q
In 2021 what was the median full time sale Ty of someone living In London compared to the North
A
London - £37,500
North - £29,096
Divide = roughly £4,900
7
Q
In 2020 how much more product give was the south east compared to the North
A
40%
8
Q
Why is there an income gap between the North and South of the Uk relating to social factors?
(health)
A
- blood pressure and heart disease
- serious mental illness is higher in the north
9
Q
Why is there an income gap between the North and South of the Uk relating to social factors?
(education)
A
- the a level gap widened from 5.3% to 8.7% between north and south
- North achieved 30.8% A*
- South achieved 39.5% A*
covid pandemic
- North missed 15.3%
- London missed 11.9%
10
Q
Why is there an income gap between the North and South of the Uk relating to social factors?
(Life expectancy)
A
- 20% higher risk of dying under age 70 in the north
- life expectancy is lower in the NE and NW with a gap of around 3 years
11
Q
Spiral of decline?
A
- Factory close
- structural unemployment
- reduced incomes
- less money spent on local business
- local business close (further unemployment)
- increased vacancy and dereliction
- vacant buildings attract crime
- land and property value decreases
12
Q
How does low income affect Physical health?
A
- low income means less choice on where to live
- limited services nearby
- food desert, less fresh produce
- convience food means more salt sugar and fat
- heart disease diabetes and obesity leads to decreased life expectancy
13
Q
How does low income affect mental health?
A
- financial stress
- ⬆️ likelihood of mental health conditions (anxiety and depression)
- ⬆️ likelihood of self medicating behaviours (drugs and alcohol)
- less chance of securing a stable employment - low self esteem
- physical health deteriorating
14
Q
How does low income affect poor educational attainment?
A
- increased likelihood of poor quality housing
- this could lead to more chance of damp and mould
- respiratory conditions
- absence from school
- decreased attainment
- securing well paid work is decreased
- cycle of poverty
15
Q
Wealth of the 50 richest families in the uk?
A
£466 billion
16
Q
Inflation
A
decrease of the value of moneu
17
Q
Reasons why costs of living is going up?
A
- goods shortage
- increased shipping costs
18
Q
The 4 functions of an area/land
A
- administrative
- commercial
- retail
- industrial
19
Q
What caused the death of the high streets?
A
Online shopping
20
Q
Demographic characteristics?
A
-age
-ethnicity
-employment
-household income
-gender
-marital status
-living situation
21
Q
Closure of mines? (Case study)
A
Cornwall
- last mine closed in 1998
-reduced employment
-outmigration of younger population
-ageing population (2021 13.6%)
-increase dependency ratio = not sustainable
22
Q
Large suburban homes not being used
(Case study)
A
Headingly, Leeds
- Modern family smaller, houses now used for students as there is more of them
- student population 1991-2001 = 20%-61%
- cause studentification
- lack of family services, more pubs and bars
-transient population, more likely to commit antisocial behaviour and unlikely to vote
23
Q
Passenger air travel becoming cheaper
(Case study)
A
Blackpool
- increased globalised world, more families travelled abroad and visitors numbers decreased 16-10 million from 1972-1999
- stage 6 butler model, economy grew seasonally, closure of hotels lowering the occupancy rate
-decreased energy employment, outmigration of the young, and therefore more dereliction and vacancy - increase in in migration, and low incomes due to low property prices
-now high concentration of poor health and ageing population
24
Q
Cod wars
(Case study)
A
Grimsby
- uk and Iceland dispute over fishing rights
- 1958-1961 Iceland extended its exclusive economic zone from 4-200
- impact Grimsby and reduced fishing grants meant less catch and decline in the industry
- more competition from other European countries due to policies, Uk only have 7 registered trawls 2022
25
Gentrification
(Case study)
Manchester
-former industrial warehouses created into terraced housing
- lowland value due to *urban blight* created into trendy apartments and offices, and other services such as cafes and bars develop
- area becomes popular with the young, opportunity to spend disposable income, more migration of this demographic
- Ancoats
Residents must move out coz it becomes expensive
26
Why does *physical* aspects affect the want to live somewhere?
Location - how close is it to a large city (Itchen Valley)
Environment - areas more attractive then others (Cornwall)
Technology - facilitates movement, road and rail make commuter towns (HS2)
Buisness can conduct anywhere (project gigabit)
27
How does *accessibility and connectedness* affect wanting to live somewhere?
- technology and infrastructure, road rail and air, attract more inward investment (Heathrow, Stockport interchange)
- urban areas more likely to become successful compared to rural areas
28
Why might *historical development* affect someone wanting to live somewhere?
Historic buildings - can/can’t help (ancoats, Detroit)
Decline in certain sectors - fishing, manufacturing, mining, tourism (Grimsby, Manchester, Cornwall, blackpool)
Change in consumer trends- high street declining, replaced by supermarkets and online shops, less footfall on streets,
29
Why might *role of planning by GOVT. and other stakeholders* influence someone wanting to live somewhere?
National government - invest in infrastructure, create planning laws, finance national services
Local government - operate within a plan led system, land use zoning began in 1948, green belt land, New towns, council housing estates
30
EQ2
EQ2
31
Top 3 characteristics of a successful place?
- high employment/low unemployment
- high average incomes
- range of services
32
Example of a successful urban place
MANCHESTER
- commercial function - the city centre has attracted inward investment from business
-tourism (football)
-entertainment/retail
-residential
33
Example of a successful rural place
LAKE DISTRICT
-toursim, outstanding natural beauty, places such as Kenoal and Windermere
34
Positive multiplier effect/cumulative causation
- Regeneration of commercial function
- provides employment and increased incomes
- encourage in migration, high skilled well paid people
- further migration of people and buisness
- high demands for services and therefore they improve
- property value increased, further migration and service improvements
35
Sam fransico success
- Dot com boom in late 1990’s
- rapid growth in technology sectors (Silicon Valley)
- large tech companies have HQ here, google Amazon
- surge in incomes (40% increase in median income)
- improvements in services (google affect)
- median home value is $1.3 million
36
Itchen valley success
- become a commuter village, idyllic landscape, traditional English village aesthetics
- m3 motorway, trains, simple commute to economic hub London
- allows high earners a reatreat from urban centre, counter urbanisation
- high value properties and high performing schools (Winchester college)
37
Paradox of success
San Francisco
- large income gap
- top 5% earn more than 10 x the bottom 20%
- poverty rate is 10.4%
- property rates have become unaffordable for many
38
Paradox of success
Itchen valley
- average house price £540,000 when average national is £290,000
- inaccessible to certain people with lower ages, service delivery can suffer
- best performing schools, but because they’re private there are no education gaps
39
Paradox of success
Manchester
- 2019 20% of homes earned more than 5 x the bottom 20%
- home ownership increasingly out of reach, median house hold price ⬆️81% from 2016-2022
- health inequality, life expectancy is 10 years lower
40
Paradox of success
London
- 2021, top 10% of incomes 6x higher than bottom 10%
- 28% live in relative poverty
- 37% children life in poverty
- Nat avg is 22%
- avg property price £526,000 (London)
- Nat avg £290,000
41
What is a rust belt?
Region in the USA that was once a hub of heavy industry
42
An example of the spiral of decline
(Detroit!
- population decline 1950-2020 1.85 mil- 640,000
- commercial vacany 18% in 2023
- 2023 -2400 violent crimes per 100,000
- 2021 -65% graduation rate
- 2022 -18% have a degree
43
Spiral of decline
(Hartlepool)
- job loss in 1980s no ship building
- unemployment rate is 3x national average
- 2019 unemployment is 7.6%
- average weekly wage is £100
- impacts education
Degree level qualified - 20%
- impacts heath
Life expectancy male - 76.6
- depopulation 2001-2020 ⬇️5%
- ageing population 20% was 65+ 2021
44
How does Age affect the level of engagement?
Older residents tend to have more time to engage
45
How does length of residence affect levels of engagement
Older residents tend to have lived somewhere longer, younger people are more transient and less likely to be attached to a place
46
How does socio-economic status affect the level of engagement
Higher incomes mean more likely to spend on local buisnesss and more likely to have increased homeownership
47
How does gender affect level of engagement
Affects feelings of saftey
48
How does ethnicity affect level of engagement
Different levels of segregation may affect the more or less attachment
49
Conflicts between residents and developers
- Elephant and castle regeneration, London
- transformation of working class area jnto modern mixed user developments, commercial residential and leisure
- Haygate estate, 3000 people, demolished 74 units of social housing replaced, reduced affordable housing
- average property price increase by 74%
- GENTRIFICATION led to displacement of Latino and African communities
50
Conflicts between developers and heritage groups
LIVERPOOL WATERS
- £5.5 billion waterfront regeneration by Peel holdings, transform dock lands into mixed use spaces
- conflict between preserving historical character and wanting to modernise and stimulate economic growth
- 2021 UNESCO removed Liverpool’s world heritage status, loss of cultural identity
51
conflict between local community and developers
BARTON FARM DEVELOPMENT OUTSKIRTS OF WINCHESTER
- SAVE BARTON FARM, group opposed building 2000 new homes as it would lead to urban spread, overdevelopment, loss of green space and changing rural identity
- would increase traffic, strain on services, but need for affordable houses was high
- Winchester city council rejected proposal,
52
What is meant by infrastructure?
The basic facility and systems that serve a county, region or community for the operation of society and enterprise
53
Give an example of how transport infrastructure helps
M25 motorway
Encircles Greater London, rail networks will help link different towns and cities which facilitate commuters and movements of goods
54
Give an example of how energy infrastructure helps
Electricity distribution facilities enterprise (tertiary and quaternary)
Hinkley Point C - nuclear power
Hornsea, windforms, offshore wind
55
Give an example of how telecomms infrastructure helps
Supports the growth of digital economy
Broadband - fire optic cables, faster data transfer
5g network - enchanting mobile connectivity
56
Give an example of how water infrastructure helps
Flood defences (Thames barrier)
Protection from tidal surges - protect infrastructure
In rural areas ⬇️ of the devaluation of property
57
How do the government play a role in regeneration?
Main stakeholders in infrastructure development
Set overarching policy and priorities
Pass laws
Coordinate with regions
58
How does The Treasury play a role in regeneration?
Sets the budget and allocates government finance to relevant departments,
Attract private investment
provide financial oversight to ensure value for money
59
How do the Infrastructure and projects authority play a role in regeneration
Provides project support and management to stick to a time scale and budget
Monitors progress and reports this
Acts as advisory to the government
60
Heathrow expansion case study
3rd runway
£14 billion +
👍 - generate £61 bill by 2030
77,000 local jobs by 2030
More airlines would trade and more tourism
👎 - more emmissions and noise pollution
Construction would be disruptive
61
Hinkley Point C
Cade study
Nuclear power station
£32.7 billion
French EDF energy
Plan to start - June 2027
👍 - 8000 benefitted from training
1/3 of trained from deprived areas
1320 apprentices trained
Encourage in-migration (25% more ppl 25-39)
Productivity in the local town Bridgewater is 10% higher than surrounding towns
62
Reasons FOR HS2
- bridge north and south divide
- shrunk journey times
- ⬆️ access to captial = ⬆️ investment in London firms in the North = ⬆️ incomes
- generate additional capacity
- increase efficiency of inter regional flows of people and goods
- job growth from construction, 22,000 jobs then 100,000 jobs when running
63
Reasons AGAINST HS2
- 600 homes will be demolished
- built on 250 areas of green belt land
- disruption to communities and wild life habitats
- money could be spent elsewhere like (education, healthcare and affordable housing)
64
Project Gigabit
(Case study)
Boost broadband capacity for 380,000 rural premises (Peak district)
£1.3 billion
👍 - helps grow rural economies, easier for rural residents to set up buisiness Ed
Encourage in-migration as quality of life improved
👎 - increased in migration may lead to ⬆️property prices pushing locals out
Strain on public finances, finances could be used where there are high population densities
65
House building targets
- growing population and increased life expectancies leads to not enough housing meaning people have to life in unsuitable and unaffordable homes
- 300,000 homes a year are needed to be made to reach housing needs rely heavily on private sector to supply housing, slow construction-
- wealth accumulation as property of value increases as people can own homes
- residents become less transient
- increase engagement in local community
66
New labour governments plan to build new homes (what will happen?)
- identify Greg belt land for development, 100,000-200,000 homes?
- building establishing sites for new towns, large scale communities
- local authorities setting house targets
- fast track approval for Brownfield land
- removal of infrastructure, increased cost for developers, deterring them from building efforts or homes,
- SECTION 106 AGREEMENTS, grant planning permission, but developer need to grant a certain % of affordable homes
67
2 flows into the UK
Migrants and money
68
Science Park regeneration cade study
Cambridge science park, 61,000 people, 5000 companies (£15 billion turnover)
Local government collaborate with universities and private sectors, provide land and offer incentives to facilitate these developments
👍 - investment by quaternary sector institutions creating high paying jobs
- partnership with universities boost skill development
- stimulates further local economic growth in supporting services, (Alderley park £250 million investment)
69
Olympic Games regeneration (London 2012 case study)
- local governments prepare infrastructure, secure funding facilitate community engagement by working closley with the national goverment
👍 - urban regeneration, significant imprint ment a to transport, sport facilities and public spaces, (Stratford in East London)
- tourism investment, boot tertiary employment
- community legacy, repurposed for community use
70
Housing developments case studies (government role)
- identify areas for new housing, grant planning permissions and ensure developments and make sure they are affordable housing (section 106 agreements)
- 👍 addressing housing shortages, improving access to affordable homes
- economic activity creates jobs in construction and more demand for local services
- sustainable communities, local ensure provision of green space
71
New high street (local governments case study)
Stockport - £14.5 million to regen the high street
Local government facilitate funding, implement buisness and improvement by offering grants, update public spaces and transport to attract visitors
👍 - boost local economies,
Cultural and social hub
- employment
72
Forgotten coastal towns (local governments, case study)
Morcombe,
- local gov work on regenerating historic sites and improving infrastructure and public amenities like promenades
- many local authorities are tasked with defending coastlines from flood and reccession
- often involves flagship projects to encourage regional visitation (Eden project. Often)
👍 - increase visitation and secure a non seasonal tourist destination meaning all year round employment
73
Farm diversification (local goverment case study)
PYE ASH FORM IN MACCELSFIELD
- local governments offer guidance and financial support for diversification, enables farmers to use land for other uses that just farming, as primary sectors are making Less and less
- other uses include, glanping pods, pumpkin picking, dog training Christmas trees
74
Challenges urban areas face
- low educational attainment
- population decline
- high crime rates
- low wages
- deindustrialised areas
- legacy of pollution
- urban decay/dereliction
-
75
Challenges rural areas face
- limited employment opportunities
- flood risk
- lack of services
- social isolation
- ageing population
- underfunding
- poor provision
- NIMBYISM
76
Liverpool rebranding
**ALBERT DOCKS**
- 1848 built, derelict by mid 20th century, redeveloped in 1980’s, mixed used development sight to attract visitors
- attracts 6 million people annually
- Tate Liverpool, Beatles museam
Granted UNESCO STATUS in 2004
**EUROPEAN CAPITAL OF CULTURE**
- 2007, changed cities image and boosted economy
- 34%⬆️ visitation £750 mil for local economy
- annual visitor exonomy of £3.3 bil
- tourism ⬆️ 66% from 2003-2018
**LIVERPOOL WATERS**
- £5 billion, to transform 60HA of derelict former sick land to create mixed use land and create 17,000 jobs
- Liverpool is now a culture hub with thriving creative and digital sectors
77
Glasgow rebranding
Former relied heavily on ship building but decline happened in 70s and 80s, spiral of decline, 500,000 out migration
**GLASGOW GARDEN FESTIVAL**
- attract 4.3 mil visitors
**EUROPEAN CITY OF CULTURE**
- 1990, cultural place rather than post industrial city,
- attract 3 million people,
- £40 million
**SERVICE AND RETAIL SECTOR BOOM**
- £740 million to Glasgow economy
- regen east end of Glasgow
- investment in transport
- 1,000 jobs
**GROWTH OF UNIVERSITIES**
- home to 5 unis
- 30,000 students
- growth of knowledge economy
78
Salford Quays rebranding
Closure of docks in 1982
**THE LOWRY**
- opened in 2000
- 850,000 visitors
**IMPERIAL WAR MUSEUM**
- 2002
- 300,000 visitors
- more cultural offering
**MEDIA CITY**
- 2011
- £650 million
- home to 250 buisiness
- 260,000 jobs
- then came the university
- canal was cleaned up for recreational acitivity
- avg property price ⬆️13%
- population increased 218,000-260,000 from 2001-2020
79
Newcastle rebranding
- Decline of industry in 1980
- unemployment rates at 14%
- £250 million redevelopment
- Quayside increased visitor numbers
- overnight stays ⬆️37%, tertiary sectors create 20,000 jobs making £1.62 annually
- growth in quaternary sectors with science central, 4000 jobs
- student numbers 50,000
-
80
Manchester rebranding
- 14% unemployment in early 1980s
- 1996 IRA bombing - £1.2 billion investment to rebuild and regenerate
- 2002 common wealth games, now 2 footballs clubs
- exonomy had grown substantial reaching value of £62.8 billion
81
Kielder rebranding
- englands most remote village - low accessibility and connectedness
- previously relied on forestry and Hill sheep farming
- wanted to create a place where people could travel and stay
- created KELDER FOREST + WATER PARK
- has europes largest man made lake
**UNIQUE OFFERING**
- offers luxury lodges, mountain bike trails and arts and innovation
- dark skies observatory, encourage eco tourism
- introduce red squirrels programme
👍
- 345,000 visitors annually
- £24 million to wider economy
- 400 full time and seasonal jobs
- 150 million trees managed and protected
👎
- more popularity means more purchase of second homes
- therefore property prices increase
- part occupied underutilisation of services risk
82
Brontë country, West Yorkshire
- Mainly around village of HAWTOTH, historical literacy legacy of *Brontë sister*
- aimed to attract tourists and stimulate local economic growth
- includes *BRONTË PARSONAGE MUSEUM* attracting 70,000 visitors per year, knock on affect of people then spending in local shops,
- created 100 jobs and contributes £10 million annually to local economy buisiness
- Festival of women’s writing
83
Peak Cavern - the devils arse
- embraced sites alternative name, historical and local significance and also memorable with a distinct identity
- increased media attention,
- enhanced visitor experience - guided tours, music peformance, film screening
- experienced wider benefits to the local economy aswell
84
Reddish vale farm
- form diversification scheme
- wide range of activists beyond traditional farming
- play areas, petting zoo, season (Christmas Halloween Easter)
- hosts school visits to educate on farming, ecology and sustainability
- attracts 50,000 visitors annually
