Regenerating places Flashcards
(232 cards)
1
Q
What are the four different economic sectors?
A
- Primary: getting raw materials from the natural environment (e.g., farmers).
- Secondary: manufacturing (making things) (e.g., factory work).
- Tertiary: service (e.g., shopkeepers).
- Quaternary: research and development (e.g., IT and STEM work).
2
Q
What are the three types of employment?
A
- Part-time/full-time.
- Temporary/permanent.
- Employed/self-employed.
3
Q
What changes occurred in the primary sector from 1980s to 2015?
A
Down 45%, buying from abroad, global shift, and manufacturing advances.
4
Q
What changes occurred in the secondary sector from 1980s to 2015?
A
Down 43%, post-industrial UK, industrial revolution.
5
Q
What changes occurred in the tertiary sector from 1980s to 2015?
A
Up 49%, from pre to post-industrial UK.
6
Q
What changes occurred in the quaternary sector from 1980s to 2015?
A
Up 113%, due to IT development.
7
Q
What is the measure of deprivation?
A
Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD).
8
Q
How does the Index of Multiple Deprivation work?
A
It has 7 domains which factor into a total score.
9
Q
What are the 7 domains of the Index of Multiple Deprivation?
A
- Income.
- Employment.
- Education.
- Health.
- Crime.
- Barriers to housing and services.
- Living environment including inside and outside
10
Q
What are two ways to measure engagement in places?
A
- Support for local community groups.
- Local and national election turnout.
11
Q
Give an example of an engaged place due to local community groups.
A
Transition Town Totnes:
- Totnes Pound (less economic leakage of TNCs, more reliance on local businesses).
- Garden sharing scheme (elderly and young population involved in a sustainable project, reducing TNC reliance).
12
Q
Where in the UK has the highest turnout for election engagement and why?
A
south west uk because of higher funding. especially cornwall and devon. this may be bacause of teh retirees who are traditional voters and have more time on their hands.
13
Q
Where is a lower area of turnout for election engagement in the UK and why?
A
northern island sue to physically isolated areas and may not feel likke their issues are catered for by the government as much as english population
14
Q
What are five things national governments can do for regenerating places?
A
1-adopting planning laws and house building targets to influence the rate and type of housing available
2-give or deny fracking permission to improve the economic areas regeneration
3-deregulating the markets to encourage FDI
4-encourage/disencourage international migration to boost the economy
5-infastructure investment such as trasport to improve flows
15
Q
What is the case study for a regenerated place?
A
Stratford, East London.
16
Q
When were the docks built for Stratford?
A
1800.
17
Q
When did the docks close and how many closed?
A
1960s-1980s, 11 docks closed.
18
Q
Why did the docks close?
A
due to containerism (increasd dlow of goods by large containers tacked ontop of eachotehr) due to globalistation, meanijng that large container ships could no longer fit down the canals of the thames to stratford docs
19
Q
How much derelict land did the closing of the docks bring?
A
21 km².
20
Q
What else closed in Stratford?
A
The railway works.
21
Q
How many people had the railway works previously employed?
A
6000 people.
22
Q
In 2001, how much worse was unemployment in Stratford compared to the national average?
A
4% worse.
23
Q
In 2001, how much worse was house ownership in Stratford compared to the national average?
A
40% worse.
24
Q
What are two economic reasons why Stratford needed regeneration?
A
- Low average salary of £20,000.
- Highest levels of unemployment in London.
25
What are two environmental reasons why Stratford needed regeneration?
1. Illegal dumping of toxic chemicals and oil in canals.
2. 21 km of derelict brownfield land.
26
What are three social reasons why Stratford needed regeneration?
1. Males in Stratford lived an average of 8 years younger than those in Chelsea.
2. 33% of GCSE pupils receiving 4- grades.
3. 1 in 4 houses overcrowded.
27
What was the IMD decile in 2019 in Stratford for barriers to housing and services?
10% decile most deprived in the UK.
28
What was the IMD decile in 2019 in Stratford's living environment?
20% most deprived in the UK.
29
What was the IMD decile in 2019 in Stratford's crime?
30% most deprived in the UK.
30
What was the overall IMD for Stratford in 2019?
30% most deprived in the UK.
31
What are four economic success facts for Stratford's regeneration?
-olympics brought more than 9 bil of investment into area mostly towards transport
-stratford got tube station easier to commute to work
-average salary increaed from 20,000 to 50,000
-westfield shopping centre has annual turnover of 1.2 billion to the local economy
32
What are four economic losses of Stratford's regeneration?
1. Olympic stadium cost £701 million.
2. Rent prices increased.
3. 60% of new homes in East Village were unaffordable.
4. It cost £9.3 billion to host the Olympics (local and national government).
33
What are five social successes of Stratford's regeneration?
1. East Village (ex-athletes village) provided 2800 new homes.
2. £50 million pool in the National Aquatic Centre.
3. Construction college set up for job training.
4. 5 new neighborhoods with 8000 new homes, doctors' surgeries, and schools.
5. Westfield shopping centre provided 10,000 new jobs that did not require skilled qualifications.
34
What are two social losses of Stratford's regeneration?
1. 450 people had to move for East Village to be built, struggling to find new homes due to rising rent prices and gentrification.
2. Clays Lane had shared housing for people with mental health issues, fostering community; this was demolished, scattering 400 residents.
35
What are the environmental losses due to Stratford's regeneration?
1. Wildlife relocated (4000 newts).
2. Games produced 3.3 million tonnes of CO2.
3. Many materials, although recycled, were sourced from abroad.
36
What are four environmental successes of Stratford's regeneration?
1. Stadiums made of 25% recycled materials.
2. Green areas set up around the River Lea and canals cleared of toxic chemicals.
3. 4,000 trees planted.
4. New wetland habitats created and newt breeding sites established.
37
Give an example of adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher).
Working-class people were given the right to buy their council homes and pass them down to their children.
38
How did adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher) regenerate the UK?
Better housing quality and saving more money for local residents.
39
What is a statistic about adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher)? nat gov
Over 2 million council tenants took advantage of this scheme and bought their homes/flats.
40
What is an advantage of adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher)? economic
Houses were sold at generous discounts, making them affordable for more of the population.
41
What is a disadvantage of adopting laws and housing targets under the Conservatives (PM Margaret Thatcher)? socioeconomic national gov
Working-class people could not always afford to buy these homes, benefiting mainly the middle/upper class.
42
Give an example of adopting laws and housing targets under Labour (PM Lloyd George). nat gov
The government aimed to spend money on new housing, each with gardens, trees, and hedges.
43
how did adopting laws and house building targets to influence the rate and type of housing available under Labour (PM Lloyd George) help regeneration (social environmental and economic) nat gov
higher quality of housing making areas appear regenertaed (less derelict) as well as social benefits such as peoples quality of life and ability to work well meaning better economic income through jobs. also environmental regeneration due to biodiverstity and new habitats for species.
44
What are two advantages of adopting laws and housing targets under Labour (PM Lloyd George)?
1. People owned better standards of homes, increasing quality of life.
2. Environmental habitat and biodiversity improved.
45
What is a disadvantage of adopting laws and housing targets under Labour (PM Lloyd George)? soceoeconomic nat gov
money for the new housing was coming from taxpayers causing those who already own housing tp be displeased
46
What is fracking and when was it stopped?
Fracking is extracting oil and gas from the ground by forcing a mix of water, sand, and chemicals into the ground at high pressure. It was stopped in 2019.
47
What was the national governmental policy on fracking prior to 2019?
Shale gas from fracking provided the UK with energy security and jobs, but the policy was reduced to achieve net zero by 2050.
48
How did fracking help regenerate areas in the UK?
-TNCs come to uk which generates employment and multipier effect
-helpful to local economies as it generates loyalty payments to home owners nearby and jobs created by shale gas companies
-indirect jobs are created such as construction, hospitality, surveying whcih generates multiplier effect
49
Give an example of a fracking TNC in the UK.
British Drilling and Freezing Company (BDF).
50
What are the advantages of fracking in the UK?
1. Only way to extract gas and oil in certain locations.
2. Reduces the need to import from abroad.
3. Produces less carbon emissions than burning coal.
51
What are the disadvantages of fracking?
1. Cannot be done everywhere (e.g., national parks or farmland).
2. Not a clean energy source as it releases CO2 and methane.
3. Unhealthy for humans, causing premature births, migraines, and skin conditions.
52
Give an example of encouraging international migration.
has been free movement of people in the EU sinnce 1995. when 10 Eastern and central European countries joined in 2004, the uk opted to not not to bexercise a 7 year block on workers from these poorer countries accesing the uks leabour market
53
How did encouraging international migration help regenerate the city of Corby?
1. Before the policy, Corby relied mainly on manufacturing for employment.
2. After the policy, 700,000 settled in fast-growing places like Corby.
3. Eastern European entrepreneurs established businesses there.
4. Since 2006, crime and antisocial behavior have declined.
54
What are three advantages of encouraging international migration?
1. Eastern European migrants generally have more skilled qualifications.
2. They pay more tax than they take out in benefits.
3. migrants bring new jobs such as teh agricultural sector has risen in production in fruits such as cheerries and raspberries
55
What are three disadvantages of encouraging international migration?
-hard to measure imapct of migration on communities due to little evidence
-despite having hoghly skille qualifications, the people migrating into the uk tend to take more of the basic low paying jobs as they r better paid than at home
-the percentage of population who are victims of crime in 2011 and 2016 was both higher for easutern european migrants and non eastern european migrants in crime nd hate crime that the uk citizen
56
What is deregulation of capital markets in the UK?
-removing gov regulations in a certain industry for goods or services with the goal for companies to make more efficient and free decisions without gov jurisdiction.
- this involves removal of corporate restrictions giving a wider range of options for costs of goods
-also involves changing markets to provide helathy competition between coorporations to drive down prices of goods for customers.
57
How does deregulation of capital markets generate regeneration?
-business owners have the right to chnage part/ all of building into residential areas/homes
-businesss worth more because of potential for residential space
-more people live there to get jobs and operate services
-economic increase in the area as employment brings multiplier effcet
58
What are four advantages of deregulation of capital markets?
1. Increases house value.
2. Higher workforce.
3. Economic growth.
4. More customer choice and lower prices.
59
What are three disadvantages of deregulation of capital markets?
1. More power for monopolies in housing.
2. Potential job losses.
3. Lower regulations for important services suhc as airlines
60
Give an example of infrastructure investment as a national governmental policy.
Heathrow Airport expansion: a third runway northwest of the existing two.
61
How does infrastructure investment help regeneration?
1. 70,000 jobs created by 2050.
2. Increased flow of goods and imports/exports.
3. Multiplier effect.
4. Value of trade in 2019 at Heathrow was £188 billion, aiding UK regeneration.
62
What are four advantages of infrastructure investment?
1. Eases congestion in central London.
2. Employment and income opportunities.
3. Facilitates larger planes and increased flows of goods and people.
4. Boosts tourism.
63
What are four disadvantages of infrastructure investment?
1. Increases carbon emissions by 25 million tonnes from car traffic and flights.
2. Displacement of residents in Sipson and Harmondsworth.
3. Expensive £14 billion project.
4. Part of the M25 diverted, which is lengthy and costly.
64
What is a second example of investment in infrastructure?
HS2: two new high-speed rail networks from London to Birmingham and from Manchester to Leeds, with speeds up to 400 km/h.
65
What are four arguments in favor of HS2?
1. Reduces the North-South divide for growth in the North and Midlands.
2. Journey time from Leeds to Birmingham decreased from 1 hour 58 minutes to just 58 minutes.
3. Creates 22,000 new construction jobs leading to a multiplier effect.
4. For every pound spent, £1.90 is generated.
66
What are four arguments against HS2?
1. Cost almost £43 billion.
2. 600 homes bulldozed.
3. Will use 50% more energy than Eurostars, negatively impacting the environment.
4. Ruins the Chiltern area of natural beauty.
67
What roles do local governments have in regenerating places?
Local enterprise zones (45 in the UK) and science parks.
68
What are local enterprise zones?
1. Business tax discounts up to 100% for up to 5 years.
2. Simplified local authority planning with automatic planning permission for developments in some areas.
3. Access to superfast broadband.
69
What do enterprise zones encourage?
They attract particular companies and businesses, leading to more investment, possibly even FDI.
70
Give an example of an enterprise zone in the UK.
Newquay Airohub, Cornwall, partners with Cornwall Council and private investors to diversify Cornwall's economy from just tourism.
71
How does Newquay Airohub Cornwall make regeneration?
-700 high value skilled permanent jobs presumed created in the 1st year
-attracts aviation businesses which creates income and multiplier effect
72
What is simplified local authority planning?
Automatically grants planning permission with developments in some areas.
73
What do enterprise zones encourage?
Attract particular companies and businesses and more investment, possibly even FDI.
74
Example of an enterprise zone in the UK and its significance?
Newquay Airohub, Cornwall has a partnership with local Cornwall Council and private investors, diversifying Cornwall's economy from just tourism.
75
How does Newquay Airohub Cornwall's special enterprise zone contribute to regeneration?
700 high-value skilled permanent jobs presumed created in the first year and attracts aviation businesses, creating income and a multiplier effect.
76
Advantages of Newquay Airohub special enterprise zone?
700 jobs expected in the first year and companies such as Apple Aviation and Cornwall Air Ambulance invested here.
77
Disadvantages of Newquay Airohub special enterprise zone?
Only 450 jobs created in the first year and not completely new jobs as Cornwall Air Ambulance only relocated from Truro Royal Cornwall Hospital. people lost jobs from truro air ambulance
78
What role do national governments have in special enterprise zones?
Plan and set up.
79
What is NIMBYism?
The opposition of residents to proposed development in their area.
80
Examples of media sources that pose views on a place's need for regeneration?
TV, articles, radio.
81
What are the political viewpoints from reported media?
Guardian (left-wing-Labour), BBC (centre), Daily Mail (right-wing-Conservative).
82
What do left-wing/Labour perspectives say about the need for regeneration?
touched alot on the environmenntal deproivation and lack of flow of money. lack of social opportunities and employment- touches on social economic and environmental, touches more on social than economic
83
What does the BBC's central political view say?
Touches on social, economic, and environmental aspects evenly.
84
What does the Conservative focus on regarding needs for regeneration?
extremely dramatic about physical state and need for economic increase. does touch much on social
85
Why could views from media be different? x3
-large range of data and this means it could be manipulated easily die to beliefs and could be bias data to convey thier social, economic an pollitical views
-outsider companies which have little insight on to personal experiences from valuable locals so dont know full depth of deprivation (especially social) in the area
-many companies convey more of the positive regenerationoutcomes than the previous challanges or the challanges of regeneration that its created too. this creates unbalanced arguments as they may only do this to attract the readers attention (making more money) as news is primarily negative these dayss
86
What are the four main types of regeneration?
Retail-led, leisure and sport-led, rural diversification, tourism-led.
87
What types of regeneration were present in Stratford?
Sport-led and retail-led.
88
What is significant about the regeneration of Stratford?
Hosted the 2012 London Olympics.
89
How much investment was put into the Stratford regeneration project?
£12 billion publicly and privately through tax from national government and private sectors.
90
How was Stratford an example of sport-led regeneration?
-by hosting the onlympics they turned the athletes village into east village providing 2800 homes. the national aquatic centre was turned into a public 50m pool fo rresidents to use and also used for surrey swimming to host galas. the olympic stadium was turned into the stadium for westham footbal club so was rebranded
91
What evidence supports the retail-led regeneration of Stratford?
Westfield shopping centre providing 10,000 jobs and rebranding the area with famous retail names.
92
How was Stratford rebranded?
West Ham football stadium and Westfield featuring big-name shops such as Hollister.
93
What sectors funded the regeneration of Stratford?
The private and public sectors.
94
What was the role of the private sector in Stratford's regeneration?
Westfield, a private French-owned company, borrowed £700 million to build it and now has an annual turnover of £1.2 billion.
95
How did public sector investment contribute to Stratford's regeneration?
the national government payed 9.3 billion to host olympic games which they got back through ticketing, tv spomsorship and selling houses of athletes village
96
Who were the key players in Stratford's regeneration?
Local government, national government, and Westfield private company.
97
What role did the local government play in Stratford's regeneration?
the London Legacy Development Corporation (LLDC) was fromed in 2012 by the mayor of london. they worked with GLA (greater london authority)- 4 local authorities, and central government to secure the bid for hosting the olympic game. this was respomsible for the creation of the Queen Elizabeth park generation, 5 new naighbourhoods and 8000 new homesas well as many community facilties left from the onlympics. they ncontinue to work together to create socioeconomic opportnities well tailored to the residents of stratford. secured the olympic bid in 2005
98
What did the local government want from Stratford's regeneration?
Social priorities such as more residents, better facilities, housing, and funding for the area.
99
What was the role of the national government in Stratford's regeneration?
Supported the Olympic bid and provided funding to help the local government oversee developments.
100
What did the national government want from Stratford's regeneration?
Economic growth and higher flows of money into the area.
101
Three other stakeholders in Stratford's regeneration?
Local businesses, local residents, environmental groups.
102
How might environmental groups have been affected by Stratford's regeneration?
effectef by increased pollition and congestion due to large flow of people to watch the olympics. through transport littering and energy for facilities. however might have been pleased by environmental successes such as new wetland habitats
103
How might local businesses have been affected by Stratford's regeneration?
displaced due to other main brands moving in such as hollister
104
How might local residents have been affected by Stratford's regeneration?
effectef by increased pollition and congestion due to large flow of people to watch the olympics. through transport littering and energy for facilities. however might have been pleased by environmental successes such as new wetland habitats. displaced from homes due to demolished or increased rent prices (gentrification). effected by traffic congestion and perhaps income effected by time getting to work
105
What is the biggest conflict among stakeholders?
Between environmental groups and local/national governments.
106
What was the biggest change in census data in Stratford between 2001 and 2011?
Professional occupations increased by 32%.
107
What change occurred in housing quality in Stratford between 2001 and 2011?
No central heating decreased by 5%.
108
What health change occurred in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Good health increased by 18%, now higher than the national average.
109
Reasons for why Stratford needed regeneration?
-historical development: docks closing
-accessibility and connectedness: containerism countered by new station built
-physical factors: close to cbd of london (central economic core) so easy for investment, toxic chems in canals and dereilict land
-role of local and national planning: olympic bid in 2005, social improvements such as new housing neighboruhoods etc and lack of employment
110
What industry was in Stratford before post-industrialization?
Famous porcelain factories selling across the world.
111
How has Stratford changed from pre-industrial to post-industrial?
80% of people now employed in the quaternary sector and 16% in quaternary employment.
112
How has the demographic of age changed in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Working age increased by 8%, possibly due to women pursuing careers longer.
113
How has the demographic of ethnic composition changed in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
asian increase byalmost 25%. could be due to increased working oppertunites such as finance through careers or international university students being pull factors to increased international migration.
114
What does the increase of wealthy people in Stratford bring?
Gentrification, which challenges lower-income residents with rising rent and house prices.
115
Economic impacts of gentrification on businesses?
Small local businesses may struggle to compete with chain shops such as starbucks
116
How has Stratford's regeneration negatively impacted identity and belonging?
-businesses and homes dipcaes (eg clays lane)
-old generatioon might dislie chnages due to heratiage of the docks and new retail not for them
117
How has Stratford's regeneration positively impacted identity and belonging?
-more work opportuniteis so feel more valued in carreers
-sport opportunites especially for young peolple
-ethnic may be surrounded by community and have jos
118
Why are rural areas deprived?
-resource deprivation: less investment so lower standards of housing and infatsructure
-opportunity deprivation: less services and jobs available so less ability to earn high incomes. schools and police have less funding so thi smeans crime is also igher
-mobility deprivation: lack of public transport limits jobs available services and facilities. means less tncs want to invest as hard to access with flowof goods. and thi smeans people accept part times of seasonal jobs
119
What is a contrasting regenerating place?
St Blaise, Cornwall.
120
What did the EU acknowledge about St Blaise in 1999? to recieve funding from them
in 1999, was awarded objective 1 status. one of only 4 areas in teh uk where incomes are 75% or less compared to average of those in e
121
What record does Cornwall hold?
Lowest wage-earning county in Wales and England.
122
Why do Cornwall's transport links contribute to its deprivation?
M5 motorway ends at Exeter, making access difficult, and it's 225 miles from London ( uk economic core.)
123
How does historical decline of industries contribute to Cornwall's deprivation?
-advances in technology boosting efficiency of primary sector such as fishing and farming meaning unemployment
-competion from cheaper places abroad gloablisation and global shift
124
What industry does Cornwall rely on, and how does it increase deprivation?
-tourism as this is seasonal over summer (40% jobs in cornwall are seasonal)
-also in competition from budget airline companies such as easy jet meaning tourism declines
125
How do socioeconomic factors contribute to Cornwall's deprivation?
Second home ownership leads to gentrification and increased rent prices.
126
What famous site is now in St Blaise?
The Eden Project.
127
Why was St Blaise deprived?
the site of the eden project was an abandoned derelict clay quarry. in the mid 19th century the area had supplied 50% of the worlds porcelin, which employed 7000 people, but when the clay mining industry closed, unemployment rose and deprivation increased
128
What are science parks?
local councils work with uiversities to create areas with high infastructure, tech, braodband and transport links
129
What is a successful place?
a place with abundat economic social and environmental opportunities that are desirable and self sustaining to live in. investments are drawn to this area qhich creates cumilattive causation or the multiplier effect
130
What is cumulative causation?
like multiplier effect-tnc invests creating direct and indirect jobs which means better standard of life and higher income which means more tax paid and growth of teritary and quaternry sectors
131
Example of a successful place in the UK?
Berkshire, in South East England.
132
Example of cultural success in Berkshire?
Midsummer Murders filmed here.
133
How was Berkshire successful due to transport links?
Connected to M4 motorway and M25, near Heathrow Airport.
134
How did transport links influence Berkshire's success?
many companies have decided to invest here due to eas flow of goods
135
Population growth example in Berkshire?
2011 cencus showed that berkshire has slough in t which has been the fastest growing town in the uk since 2001
136
What employment opportunities exist in Slough, Berkshire?
major tncs are incvesting such as those in the quaternary sector such as o2
137
What percentage of workers in Berkshire are employed in knowledge-based and managerial professions?
Roughly half.
138
Why else is Berkshire successful?
In 2011, 11,000 migrant workers were recruited from outside the EU.
139
What are unsuccessful places?
a place that experiences deindustrialisation which triggers a spiral of economic decay (negative multipiir effect) this is environemental economic and social (unemployment decay)
140
What is a rust belt?
Parts of the northeastern and midwestern such as detroit in the US that are characterized by declining industry, aging factories, and a decreasing population. te steel and car industry closing down
141
Example of an unsuccessful place?
Detroit, USA.
142
When did Detroit deindustrialize?
100 years ago.
143
Why did Detroit deindustrialize?
Car industries moved to Japan due to globalization and global shift
144
What was the main factory in Detroit and how many jobs were lost?
General Motors closed three plants, losing 14,000 jobs.
145
What was the income status of Detroit's families 100 years ago?
1/3rd of families' incomes were below US poverty levels.
146
By 2013, how much derelict land was left in Detroit?
1/4th of all land.
147
What happened as a result of Detroit's depopulation?
White flight occurred as whites moved to the suburbs.
148
How much of the population did Detroit lose?
1/4 of its population.
149
What are the three processes that made Detroit unsuccessful?
Depopulation, dereliction, deindustrialization.
150
Example of a science park and local government role for regeneration?
Cambridge Science Park.
151
Name a company that works in Cambridge Science Park and what they do?
Bango - tech company that works with goodle and amazon to shape the future of online commerce
152
How much did the local government pay for Cambridge Science Park?
£7.2 million for the large work building.
153
Who gave planning permission for Cambridge Science Park?
Cambridge City Council.
154
Why has Cambridge Science Park attracted businesses?
-tech
-broadband
-large sizze and environmentally firednlyb workp;ace (abundant greenery and eco conscious)
-skilled workforce: people skilled in management
-hold social events such as weekly tale tennis
-transport links such as near the M11 motorway
155
How does Cambridge Science Park benefit the wider area?
Provides indirect jobs such as construction and increases tax revenue for regeneration projects.graduates employed form cambrige so less unemployment
156
What is one disadvantage of Cambridge Science Park?
not in the centre so is putting pressure on the green belt that surrounds teh city environmental
157
What characterizes a friendly workplace?
Abundant greenery and eco-conscious practices.
158
What is a benefit of having a skilled workforce?
People skilled in management contribute to effective operations.
159
What social events are held at Cambridge Science Park?
Weekly table tennis events.
160
What transport links are near Cambridge Science Park?
Proximity to the M11 motorway.
161
How does Cambridge Science Park benefit the wider area?
Provides indirect jobs such as construction, catering, and transport, leading to a multiplier effect.
162
What is one disadvantage of Cambridge Science Park?
It is not in the center, putting pressure on the surrounding green belt.
163
What are the advantages of local government?
-specific to locals needs
-use and benefit local businesses and locals to help sociaoeconomically
164
What are the disadvantages of local government?
-budget more
-smaller area of control so less national control
165
What are the advantages of national government?
-wider area
-bigger budget for more poweful
-higher access to resources such as workforce
-more control and decisions
166
What are the disadvantages of national government?
-less specific to local
-less environmentla and social priority
167
What are three rural rebranding strategies?
Farm diversification, heritage and literary tourism, outdoor events and adventure pursuits.
168
What is an example of farm diversification? w pros and cons
Tulleys Farm has the biggest fright night in Europe with 80,000 visitors yearly. pros:
-generates huge income
cons:
-traffic congestion
-could get in way of actual farming
-seasonal
## Footnote
Generates huge income but can cause traffic congestion and seasonal limitations.
169
What is an example of heritage and literary tourism? w pros and cons
More than 70,000 Japanese visit the Lake District yearly to see Beatrix Potter's work.pros:
money through tourism indirect and direct
cons:
congestion
overcrowded towns
natural beuty distroyed
## Footnote
Generates money through tourism but can lead to congestion and overcrowded towns.
170
What is an example of outdoor events and pursuits?
Honister Pass via ferrata.pros:
money etc
cons:
expensive set up?
crowds
natural buaty
## Footnote
Generates income but may involve expensive setup and crowding.
171
What are the positive impacts of gentrification?
-welthier residents spend more money on goods and services so multiplir effect
-new services and shops set up maning new opportunities especially for young poeple
172
What are the negative impacts of gentrification?
-unemployment due to local businesses closing
-people being unable to affort homes (house price is almost 250,000 more tha national averge)
173
What is rebranding? w example
ways places are redeveloped and marketed so it gains new identity to attract work, investment, residenrs nd visitorss. Titanic Quarter Belfast
## Footnote
Example: Titanic Quarter, Belfast.
174
Why did Titanic Quarter, Belfast need rebranding?
It was suffering from deindustrialization and sociopolitical unrest since the 1960s.
175
What was the new image of Titanic Quarter, Belfast?
Historical significance as the site where Titanic was built, with the Titanic Belfast visitor center attracting 1 million visitors in the first year.
176
What income has tourism generated from the rebranding of Titanic Quarter, Belfast?
£105 million and created 890 jobs.
177
What cultural facts are associated with Belfast's rebranding?
Old paint halls provided film space for Game of Thrones.
178
What is one disadvantage of the Belfast rebranding project?
It cost £4.9 million to convert a professional Harland and Wolff headquarters into a 4-star hotel.
179
What was the biggest problem of St. Blaise compared to Stratford?
Education was measured very low at 12% in the 2001 census data, lower than the national average.
180
What decile was St. Blaise in for education in 2019?
10% most deprived.
181
What decile was St. Blaise in for employment in 2019?
10% most deprived.
182
What was the Eden Project originally?
A 60m deep clay quarry.
183
Who is the founder of the Eden Project?
Sir Tim Smit.
184
What are three features of the Eden Project?
Biomes made of ETFE plastic, 50m high for trees, and the largest rainforest in captivity.
185
How is the Eden Project an example of tourist-led regeneration?
It attracted 1.2 million visitors in its first year.
186
What else does the Eden Project exemplify?
Rebranding the area.
187
Who are the key players in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Local government, national government, Sir Tim Smit, National Lottery, and the EU.
188
What role did the local government have in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Limited role; Cornwall Council signed off planning permission for the site.
189
What was the role of the national government in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Set up the South West Regional Development Agency (SWRDA) providing 36% of the funding for the Eden Project.
190
What was Sir Tim Smit's role in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Oversaw, founded, and created the project.
191
What was the role of the National Lottery in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Provided 40% of the funding for the Eden Project.
192
What was the role of the EU in the regeneration of St. Blaise?
Provided £50 million for the whole regeneration project via the European Development Fund.
193
What do local governments want as stakeholders in St. Blaise regeneration?
To benefit the local area with more jobs.
194
What do national governments want as stakeholders in St. Blaise regeneration?
A flow of money.
195
What does Sir Tim Smit want as a stakeholder in St. Blaise regeneration?
An educational and environmental influence.
196
What does the National Lottery want as a stakeholder in St. Blaise regeneration?
Advertisement to bring in income.
197
What does the EU want as a stakeholder in St. Blaise regeneration?
A flow of money and social multiplier effects.
198
What is the economic success and loss of St. Blaise?
-generated 2 bil since openig eden project
-however cost 56 mil and only 7 percent of jobs are full time ssimce full time work has gone down b 4 percent according to cencus data
199
What are the social pros and cons of St. Blaise's regeneration?
-eden project emploed 650 people and 400 0f that is full time
-however tourism 13 mil visitors in first 10 years leads to traffic congestion on thea30 0n the way past st austell so this means locals get annoyed and harded to get to work and commute etc
## Footnote
However, tourism led to 13 million visitors in the first 10 years, causing traffic congestion.
200
What are the environmental pros and cons of St. Blaise's regeneration?
-etfe recycled plastic
-educates visitors on sustainable alternatives to palm oil in rainforest biome
-however congestion on a30 as only 20% use public transport
## Footnote
However, congestion on the A30 as only 20% use public transport.
201
What are two stats about students in Stratford due to its regeneration?
Four new schools established and Stratford School has extended to host 2,000 pupils soon.
202
What was the plan called to improve the infrastructural regeneration of St. Blaise, Cornwall in 2011?
St. Austell, St. Blazey, and China Clay Area Regeneration.
203
What did the St. Austell, St. Blazey, and China Clay Area Regeneration project involve?
Building a new road link to St. Austell from the A30 and constructing the West Carclaze village and Sky Primary School.
204
What did the new road building Cornwall project involve?
£78 million for a new link road from A30 to St. Austell, finished in 2025, with 5.5 miles of new walking, cycling, and horse riding paths.the national wildlife centre at eden has partneers with this scheme to create the planting plans of wildflowers that mirror cornwall
205
What does the building of West Carclaze Garden Village and Sky Primary School involve?
sky primary school:
-210 places so community to learn in natural environment
-one of the first net zero carbon schools in the country
-solar pannels
west carclaze village:
-1500 new homes
-located on dead clay qurry near eden project
-sports park
-16km of biking and wlking trails
## Footnote
West Carclaze Village includes 1,500 new homes, a sports park, and 16km of biking and walking trails.
206
What was the change in professional occupations in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Increased by 32%.
207
What was the change in the number of homes without central heating in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Decreased by 5%.
208
What was the change in good health in Stratford from 2001 to 2011?
Increased by 18%.
209
What are two contrasting areas of Stratford?
Stratford New Town and Pudding Mill.
210
What is the difference in employment IMD decile between Pudding Mill and Stratford New Town?
A 5 decile difference, with Pudding Mill being more regenerated as it is closer to the centre of stratford
211
What is the difference in education IMD decile between Pudding Mill and Stratford New Town?
A 4 decile difference, as Pudding Mill is where the development took place.
212
What occurred after the UK's deregulation of markets in the 1980s?
The Big Bang.
213
What are the four places that need prioritizing for regeneration?
Sink estates, declining rural settlements, commuter villages, and gated communities.
214
What are sink estates?
housing estates with high leveles of socio-economic deprivation, cime, gang, drugs, viiolemce. for example broadwater farm in lonodn
## Footnote
Example: Broadwater Farm in London.
215
What are declining rural settlements? w example
lack of employment transort oportunities. for example Llansilin in wales with under 700 reisdence wa sin the 50% least developed in wales
## Footnote
Example: Llansilin in Wales.
216
What are commuter villages? w example
outisde city, people live here and travel to work. for example there is a wealth corridoor in itchen valley menaing people live there and increase house prices so farmworkers is hard to live there as prices go up toalmost 600,000
## Footnote
Example: Itchen Valley.
217
What are gated communities? w example
gated from crime, within an urban city with security guards cctv etc. for example this had been designed by architects in the 1980s
## Footnote
Example: Designed by architects in the 1980s.
218
What is polarization?
When groups in an area are marginalized and pushed out by the dominant due to wealth, race, gender, etc.
219
What are three main reasons why conflicts occur in communities?
-lck of pollitical engagement and representation
-ethnic tensions
-innequality and lack of economic opportunities
220
What is an example of conflict in an urban area?
london riots in 2011. Mark Duggan was shot by london police unarmed and 15000 toolk to the streets of lodon for 5 days meanng 5 lost thier liives
221
What was done in response to the London riots by the local government?
the major of london invested 28 million into the regeneration of tottenham providing 5000 new jobs by rebuilding peakock industrial estate. also rebuilt the tottenham hotspur stadium
222
How does age affect people's lived experience and engagement in local areas?
elderlies more likely to vote as have more time and traditional views
-in 2015 on 44 percent of 18-24 year olds voted
223
How does gender affect people's lived experience and engagement in local areas?
more woemn angage in community work especially with young kids
-could be due to feeling underrepresentated in house of commons so vote more as in 2015 only 191 women out of 650 in house of commons
-more concerned about safety
224
How does ethnicity affect people's lived experience and engagement in local areas?
upbringinb determines skill level and eductaion and deprivation extents
-vote whren face preduidice aboout being migrants etc
-new migrants or students have less engagement though
225
How does income/deprivation affect people's lived experience and engagement in local areas?
-more deprived means lower voting turnout
-only 50% of cumbria voted
-higher depicvation means lower education about pollitics
226
What are four reasons for change in St. Blaise?
-local and national planning: primary school, link road etc
-historical development: clay mine shut, farming and fishery decreased
-accesability and connectedness: from ec core, limited trasnport. they decreased this by superfast broadband
-physical factors: derilict quarry, but 2km from coast so tourism
227
What are international influences on the state of St. Blaise and its regeneration?
-in mid 19th century cornwal was producin 50% of the worlds clay
-when the clay quarry in Bodelva closed in 1940s due to competition abroad
-when uk left the eu in 2020, cornwall lost 100million ofn funding from eu each year
228
What negative impacts has St. Blaise's regeneration had on people's identity?
Elderly workers feel a lack of heritage, high second home ownership leads to ghost towns, and gentrification occurs.
229
What positive impacts has St. Blaise's regeneration had on people's identity?
Increased pride in the area, more job opportunities, benefits for local businesses, and improved transport.
230
What is the demographic change of age in St. Blaise?
60 plus resedeents have inncreased by almost 5% from 2001-2011. this could be due to an increase in retirees moving into the area, and also young people movin out for jobs as well as because of gentrificatioj
231
What is the demographic change of ethnicity in St. Blaise?
remained largely the same: white population has only gone down by 0.1% from 2001 to 2011. this could be due to a lack of migration especially international migration here due to the lack of job opportunities. they may visit seasonally as toruists but rarely keep perminant residence here.
232
What is regeneration?
Redeveloping former industrial areas or outdated housing to bring economic and social change.
