regeneration Flashcards
(106 cards)
Why did the London Docklands become derelict and what did it cause?
Due to containerism size of ships were too large for the Thames. As a result of this London docklands became disused & between 1978-1983 12,000 jobs were lost with 60% of adult men unemployed with dereliction of docks. Nearby industries also closed as they relied on don the ports for their raw materials. Pop of the area declined by 10,000 people and crime considerable rose as there were increased levels of deprivation.
Who led regeneration?
The London dockland development corporation- LDDC who bought together key players such as property owners, architects, construction companies and investors. Companies could obtain tax breaks on new buildings and LDDC focused on 3 main things- econ growth, infrastructure and housing.
What economic growth occurred in canary wharf?
LLDCs flagship project was canary wharf, London’s second CBD. Huge transformation took place in landuse and employment and contained high rise office buildings to stimulate quaternary employment creating high earning jobs with ‘trickle down’. Companies in canary wharf investment banks and knowledge economy jobs . 100,000 commuters travel in and no longer londons most deprived borough. However, 27% of newhams pop <7£
How did infrastructure change under the LDDC?
Jubilee line was extended, dev of dockland light railways has occured. Building of new roads & creation of gatwick.
How the population and housing demographics under the LDDC change?
Older people moved out replaced by younger Pop with average age 31. Large scale immigration increased mix with Newham now the most ethnically diverse borough.
What was the right to buy scheme and why did it fail?
> in 1980s gov introduced right to buy scheme. Giving LIF opportunity to buy it at a reduced price. A lot of east end housing than transferred from public to private sector. Social housing declined forcing low income families out. 1 of the aims of dockland regen was to increase housing supply . New housing was more expensive as gentrification occurred with poorer people concentrated in tower hamlets with the lowest life expectancy in London in 2012 of 77 years.
What causes people to identify with places?
> Physical landscapes, resulting from geology and landscape processes such as erosion (headlands)
Human landscapes, linked to physical factors, local geology has produced Yorkshire gritstone buildings
Economic past, Leeds town hall dates from city’s wealthy Victorian industrial past. Many of west and south Yorkshires towns and cities have grand buildings
Religious past- churches
Food and drink with local specialties
How its portrayed in the media books, film and TV often characterize places i.e. coronation street
What is rebranding?
Ways in which a place is deliberately reinvented for economic reasons, and then marketed using its new identity to attract new investors.
what are quaternary jobs and what decides where quaternary jobs are located?
Usually called the Knowledge economy and provides highly specialised jobs in finance, law and IT. The biggest of these fields is banking and finance; international banks in London generate huge wealth. Quaternary industries can locate anywhere, so described as ‘footloose’. heir locations are often chose =n based on where there is the most connectivity ( broadband and transport links) or financial incentives such as (low tax rates) much of these concentrated in london docklands.
What are the 5 types of socio-economic inequalities?
Regional variations, QoL variations, occupation and life expectancy variations, income and health variations, Education achievement variations.
Why are the causes of regional variations?
Incomes vary regionally because for example the incomes in London are the highest because;
> its the capital, so incomes are higher in senior positions of the government the civil service and major company headquarters.
>those who work in the Docklands-based knowledge economy have higher incomes than average
> 58% of jobs in London occur in the 3 highest income categories, and only 22% of jobs in lowest 3 categories.
What causes variations in quality of life?
Workers in south east England have higher incomes but housing costs are also higher there. In 2015, Hamptons estate agents produced a ‘happiness map’. Map used GIS and found that people were happiest were house prices were the lowest thus northerners were the most happy.
What causes variations in occupation and life expectancy?
A persons occupation has social consequences. By recording parental occupation at birth and a persons occupation when they die, relationship between 2 variables can be explored. 5-6 year difference in life expectancy between the highest and lowest occupations. Lowest in managerial jobs and lowest in routine workers.
What causes variations in income and health?
lowest incomes are most deprived and in 2011 census people were asked to record their state of health. Population divided into deciles. Top 10% are the most deprived whilst least deprived are in decile 10.
What causes variation in educational achievement?
London has the highest number of GCSE passes as well as the % of those qualified up to uni degree level. London has the highest in each column, with North East England the lowest. This is has a result of the poor quality schools else where as well as people with higher grades are likely to move to London with children passing GSCEs with high grades as a result of a home culture of doing homework.
What is re-imaging?
How the image of a place is changed e.g. changing how it is portrayed in the media. This term is used by those in charge of regeneration and rebranding, also by tourist agencies when developing new images of particular places.
What are the 3 main causes of change?
Globalisation, employment change, Inward migration.
How does globalisation contribute to the change of a place?
Global shift to Asia affected manufacturing in London. Container revolution in shipping badly affected east London with closure of port leading to internal migration as people left family networks to find work elsewhere. Pop characteristics changed, as one population left another and replaced them. Leading to break up of family and communities. Bethnal green pop consists of many people who work in London’s global knowledge economy. At work all day, and are more likely to eat in resteraunts than shop in local markets so little sense of community.
How has employment change lead to changing places?
More people are in higher paying jobs in 1951 census 18% of the UK pop had professional or managerial occupations whereas in 2011 it was 31%. More people buy their own property now- and also invest in it- so many urban areas have been re-urbanised with inward migration, regeneration revitalizing places. But newcomers have also displaced previous residents as house prices rise. Therefore many have been forced away from the places they have grown up in.
How has inward migration led to changing places?
AA growing economy and ageing population has led to a need for overseas migrants to provide workers, inward migration changes the character of places. Former residents may be less likely to identify with their local area once they leave. However also creates new identities with ethnic enclaves in bricklane has seen waves of migrants escaping persecution leading to large Bangladeshi community.
What quantitative techniques can be used to investigate change?
They can be primary or secondary.
1.surveys- Quality of life relates to peoples wellbeing in social/environmental/economic senses.
> socially including health, safety, Qo housing, and sense of community.
>Environmentally, includes Qo air, buildings or noise.
Social data collected using a quality of life survey
and environmental factors can be measured using a
>decibel meter- app on phone
>an environmental quality survey (EQS) each with a numerical score
2.Profiling
Uses census data to indentify pop characteristics of an area from ONS website showing indicators such as the MDI
What qualitative approaches can be used for investigating change?
- Photos- source of fascination, and mean that you can study your own place using images older photos can be used to emphasis the change that has occurred.
2.Interviews- Can help record peoples lived experience. Can be structured ( everyone asked same question) or semi structured ( core questions for everyone .)
How sydney a global city?
in 2015 Sydney pop reached a record 4.8 million- an increase of 400,000 in 4 years, due to mostly international migration. Over 1.2 mil brits live in australia with 30% of sydneys pop born overseas. Making sydney 1 of the worlds most multicultral cities; 250 languages are spoken there.
WHat factors have led to sydeny being defined as a successful place?
Sydney most multicultrual city with strengths in the knowledge sector. with gross regional product of 473.28 billion in the year ending June 2022.
> Overseas banks and TNCs leading finacial centre of asia-pacific region.
> In 2011 over 450,000 businesses based in sydney with 2/3 regional headquaters of global TNCs.
> Young eeconomically active workforce median age of 36. Brain drain in outback.
> Low levels of multiple deprevation. Sydney has areas of deprevation but employemnt lvls high with high average incomes.
