regeneration Flashcards
what is the primary sector
The extraction of raw materials or natural resources e.g. mining, forestry, farming
what is the secondary sector
Manufacturing raw materials from the primary sector into a manufactured product e.g. food processing, textile production, handicraft
what is the tertiary sector?
Providing servicese.g. banking, insurance, transport, police, healthcare, education
what is the quaternary sector?
Focus on knowledge based industries- rely on people more than physical inputs. E.g. ICT, research, development, consultancy, project management
what is the quinary sector
Highest level decision making- e.g. government, science, universities
explain the clark fisher model
shows the stages of economic sector balance in development
- pre industrial
- industrial
- post industrial
what is an endogenous factor
originate from within the place and are local like land use, topography, physical geography, infrastructure, demographic characteristics, built environment, location, economic characteristics
what in an exogenous factor
from outside a place and provide links and relationships with and to other places. Commonly referred to as flows of people, resources, ideas, money and investment
what are the four functions of a place
administrative
commercial
retail
industrial
what is an administrative function
make decisions about how to organise infrastructure and economic activity for the surrounding areas. Tend to be cities and towns that influence the borough/ region surrounding them
what is a commercial function?
location with a strong business influences, many TNCs have bases here, large volume businesses
what is a retail function?
town or city with attractive markets, shopping centres, and unique shops. Main source of income and employment
what is an industrial function?
economy and reputation is predominantly based on its industrial capacity. For example, Birmingham was historically known as the Black Country, for its large industries of iron & steel works
what are some demographic change examples
age structure, ethnic composition, gentrification
what is gentrification?
the change in the social structure of a place when affluent people move into a location. Planners may allow developers to upgrade a place’s characteristics, residential and retail to deliberately attract people with higher income. This increases rent and property prices
what is studentification?
students cluster in certain areas of larger towns and cities around universities. absence during most holidays and possible ant-social behaviour causes conflicts. Students outnumber local residents, e.g. Queen’s university, Belfast where 50% of housing around the campus is student occupied. However students are contributing to the economy by using local services.
why did East Londons function have to change
original London docklands in East London can’t facilitate growing container ships. The last closed in 1981. In this time, 12,000 jobs were lost, docks were abandoned and derelict, local industries closed due to inability to export via the dock, population of the area declined, in ten years the population fell by 100,000. This gave inner cities poor image and low economic potential.
who are the key players of the regeneration of London Docklands
property owners, architects, construction companies, investors, LDDC. The process was market-led regeneration. The LDDC offered tax incentives to attract investors
how did Government react to the decline of the London Docklands
The conservative government reacted by rebranding inner cities by re-imaging. The development of Canary Wharf, a huge development of high rise office buildings designed to stimulate quaternary employment, to replace derelict docks and industry.
The CBD’s population has been transformed- a younger population, diverse ethnic composition.
what are some physical reasons an area might change
proximity to large cities and economic zones may encourage economic development, the physical environment, places vary massively in attractiveness
what are some reasons due to accessibility and connectedness that an area might change
due to the status of infrastructure and transport systems, an area may be easily accessible, enhancing it’s interconnectedness with local and regional area. Access to other places — by road (especially motorways), rail and air. Competition for the optimum site for functions: commercial, retail, residential, infrastructure.
what are some historical development reasons why a place might change?
Previous industries may put a city/town on the map, e.g. Birmingham for it’s steel. Post-production era: once key factors in many places; primary production (agriculture, farming, Historic buildings (ex-warehouses, canals, old market squares) can be a physical asset for places seeking regeneration. Conversely, large areas of derelict buildings and the legacy of toxic waste from manufacturing may be a deterrent.
outline physical, accessibility, historical development, planning in Milton Keynes
Physical: flat land, room to expand, lakes for recreation
Accessibility: M1 motorway, train connection to two largest settlements in UK (London and Birmingham), X5 bus to oxford. Ideal location in the UK
Historical Development: Bletchley house tourism
Planning: build to relieve congestion in LDN
outline physical, accessibility, historical development, planning in Plymouth
Physical: pleasant environment, ‘Ocean City’
Accessibility: no motorways
Historical development: drake circus retail hub, cloned shopping, decline of agriculture and manufacturing/shipbuilding/navy, historical buildings are an asset (royal william yard)
Planning: growth of university as a government set target of 50% to go to HE
