Regeneration Flashcards

Question

What does the Clark-Fisher model show?

Answer 1

* Pre-industrial -Employment in the primary sector decreases, and employment in the secondary and tertiary sectors increase * Industrial - point where tertiary and secondry sectors meet -Secondary sector employment starts decreasing towards the end, but the tertiary sector continues to grow * Post industrial -Quaternary industry starts growing, and tertiary sector employment plateus -Primary sector nearly zero employment | Quinary sector - Knowledge and management (CEO's, consultancy etc)

Answer 2

* Way or ways in which a place is re-developed and marketed so that it gains new identity -It can then attract new investors and visitors

Answer 3

* Re-modelling of areas to counter negative perceptions and provide 'post-industrial' functions

Answer 4

* A long term process involving social, economic and physical action to reverse decline and create sustainable communities

Answer 5

* Mcdonalds now has healthy food options, whereas they used to just have unhealthy food

Answer 6

* A location with meaning attached * Shaped by individuals and communities over time * Can be defined by; languages, religions, travel, government, average wealth levels, and the predominant industries in that area

Answer 7

* Increased population - more housing/services needed * Change of jobs/industry - more disposable income, high street change * Expanding area - more roads/transport, more factories

Answer 8

* In 2022, 76% of people were employed * There was an increase in part time workers (by 9 million)

Answer 9

* The richest 1% recieve 13% of al income - as much wealth as thepoorest 55% * The UK has the most billionaires per capita - HQ's of TNC's, large bonuses in financial services, low taxes: in London * Bottom 10% earn <£286 per week (leads to debt and growth of food banks) - Concentrated in customer service, often part time and seasonal, primary sector

Answer 10

* Gender gap - stay at home mums, maternity leave, men>women despite qualifications * Zero hour contracts - e.g. a sick day means no pay * Minimum wage and living wage - it doesn't cost the same to leave everywhere in the country (e.g. most expensive is London) * Illegal migrant workers - expolited * Temporary and seasonal work * Pay growth - e.g. those on a higher salary will benefit more from a percentage increase, also economy dependent

Answer 11

* There is a cycle of poverty in lower income areas - businesses won't want to invest -Poor household -->Low skills --> Low productivity -->More dependents * Obvious North/South divide ( more higher income places in the South) * Highest income in London, with other cities also having high median incomes ## Footnote Less FDI in a remote place, less government policy

Answer 12

* Leads to economic and social inequalities -Variations in the quality of life, life expectancy, health levels, and education

Answer 13

* Professional - 21% - £700.80 * Sales and customer service - 11.6% - £237.10 * Skilled trades - 7.5% - £486.50 * Administrative and secretarial - 12.4% - £355.80 * Elementary - 8 - £241.70 * Technical - 14.3% - £610

Answer 14

* Ranks areas from most to least deprived * Calculated by 7 measures - income, employment, health, crime, barriers to housing, living environment * Is shown by colours of areas on a map - Darker colour = more deprived

Answer 15

* A statistical test, that examines the strength of a relationship between two variables * The test produces an overall figure between -1 and +1 - a score of 0 indicates no corellation

Answer 16

* rs = 1-6ED2/n(n2-1) -r is overall corellation value -n(n2-1) is number of paired values, or size of data set -6ED2 is sum of squared differences * Shown on a graph --1 goes diagonally from top to bottom, and +1 goes from bottom to top

Answer 17

* Rank the first set of data from 1 to last number (biggest to smallest * Rank the second set of data * Work out the difference between the ranks (first-second) * Square the difference * Add all of these scores together * Times this by 6 -Top line of equation is complete * The value n is the number of measurments you took/things you measured * Divide the top by the bottom * 1- this, gives you your answer

Answer 18

* Lots of shops and pubs - pubs may double up as shops, and community centres * Growth of commuter villages * Decline of agricultural employment - Farm diversification (e.g. farm shops and holiday cottages) * Growth of tourism

Answer 19

* It may change by, age, gender and socio-economic status * When places experience lower income groups moving in, this leads to the 'filtering down' process * Filtering up/gentrification - more affleunt people take over an originally lower income area ## Footnote Filtering down - high income groups move out, so houses filter down to low income groups moving in

Answer 20

* It is an experimental town/urban extension near Dorchester/Dorset * It was designed as a project to bring back traditional architecture - this is pulled from different eras of UK architectural history * Took 30 years to build, the average house price is £750,000, and it is only reachable by motorway

Answer 21

* Climate change is starting to shape policy, architecture and land use decisions - e.g. coastal erosion and flooding -Flood defences are developing to be multi-use with tourist attarctions intergrated in (e.g. in Blackpool, where six new 'headlands' have been made to give more space to enjoy the coast) -Solar farms are being constructed and zero-energy buildings are being built (e.g. bedzed) -By 2080, 1600km of major roads, 650km of railway line and 92 stations in the UK will be at risk of persistent flooding (rising sea levels)

Answer 22

* The development of motorways and rail networks has changed the importance of different places * Post-war construction followed US style and roads were built to connect towns and cities - major railway towns declined following these changes * Villages in Essex and kent are becoming more popular for those who can't afford London house prices - due to the high speed railway line (2007) * The M6 was the UK's first major motorway, connecting North-South (1958) - idea after special roads act of 1949

Answer 23

* Globalisation and the global shift * Changes in consumer habits, internet shopping and home working * Some places have slowly changed over time, and their layout and characteristics reflect their history - e.g. Totnes which has introduced 'transition town' projects to protect its local culture and history

Answer 24

* More homes are being built to deal with the housing shortage * The national infrastructure plan (2010) has designated towns e.g. Bicester as new 'garden cities' - up to 13,000 new homes and new railway * Risk of rural villages taken over by urban expansion (suburbansation) * Government decisions influence people's lives - new rail link opens up commuter market and increases house prices * Ghettoization can occur - lower income households are priced out of an area

Answer 25

* Deindustrialisation changes the shape of towns and cities, as many places with industry are reliant on this * Migration has also changed the character of some places

Answer 26

* The long term absolute decline in the manufacturing sector

Answer 27

* Terminal unemployment can lead to more crime, the de-multiplier effect, which can lead to the degredation of the environment, meaning it will need regenrating

Answer 28

* Plant closure -> labour displacement -> outmigration of people and dcrease in spending power -> unavailability of services -> development of social problems -> regional problems

Answer 29

* Industries become more efficient by reducing workforce and improving competetiveness -> productivity is improved -> displaced labour is absorbed by new manufacturing/growing service sector -> regional prosperity

Answer 30

* The mix of industries in an area * The size of settlements in an area * The size of firms in an area * Government policies

Answer 31

* Loss of competetiveness within the country - NIC's more competitive (e.g. technological change) and could penetrate substantial sectors of the UK market * High exchange rates - expensive to export, cheaper to import * Lack of investment - high interest rates, so money for investment was expenive to borrow

Answer 32

* The global shift to mainly Asian/RIC countries due to cheaper labour * New tech/production methods * More relaxed policies

Answer 33

* Focus on tourism as the main solution to decline (destination) -Extreme sports academy - watergate bay -Jamie Oliver's 15 restaurants -Southwest film studies -Arts and culture -Combined universities -Beaches and coast walks -Surfing

Answer 34

* Visitors produced huge traffic congestion as most arrive by road - local air quality decreased * Increased littering

Answer 35

* Opened in 2001 * Built in a former clay quarry * Has a rainforest biome and a temperate mediterranean ecosystem

Answer 36

* Has poor transport links to the core * Economy is not diverse * Braindrain * Boost investment and national presence * Attract visitors during all seasons for more secure employment oppurtunities`

Answer 37

* Attracted 6 million people in the first 4 years * Visitors on average spend £150 in each in the area * Demand for holiday cottages has increased since opening * Employs 400 locals, and 200 seasonal staff - 75% were prviously unemployed, and 40% are over 50 * Food is courced locally * Helped attract private investment

Answer 38

* Landscape and economy dominated by farming (productivist landscape), to one dominated by tourism, recreation, commuter homes, second homes and diversified farms (post-productivist landscape)

Answer 39

* An individual or group with an interest or concern in something

Answer 40

* 2015: 549,400 * Gradually increasing, and changing demographically - older * HIgh out migration levels - higher education expansion, better employment has led to less people leaving

Answer 41

* Land use changes /maps * Employment trends * Demographic changes * Levels of deprivation * Index of multiple deprivation * Census data * GCSE results * Oral history

Answer 42

* It's objective one developments reduce socio-economic disparities between EU areas by kickstarting investment in local economies * Has supported 580 projects in Cornwall - total investment of £230 million

Answer 43

* Deindustrialisation and the decline of the manufacturing industry -Docklands was unable to compete with new container ports

Answer 44

* Uk central government agency * Local government/councils - 4 london boroughs shared the hosting of the olympic games, and all wanted regeneration after post-2012 * Regional government - London assembly (transportation, expansion of housing, east london economy support) * Local economy stakeholders - Olympic venues were on former industrial estates (many companies compensated to relocate) * Environmental stakeholders - Elizabeth olympic park * Shareholders, employees

Answer 45

* The London Docklands urban development corporation and enterprise zone * Thames gateway project * Hosting the 2012 olympic games - olympic stadium, aquatics centre, hocky centre, olympic village

Answer 46

* Olympic park site cleaned and used to create the largest open park in Europe - 500 acre site of polluted brownfield * Lea valley's polluted waterways cleaned and new wildlife habitats created * 12,000 permanent + temporary jobs * Transport improvements * New housing - for key workers * New amenities - 5 sports venues * Better accessibility

Answer 47

* Countryside properties * Local residents * TFL * Central government * Biodiversity by design - made sure the whole process was centred around the ecological aspect * Ralph Erskine - Architect known for sustainable design * Taylor Woodrow - engineering skills * Homes and communities agency - invested £11 million to enhance the Thames foreshore

Answer 48

* The area has been transformed form a place that was unusable to somewher where many people live and work and go to for entertainment, also increased biodiversity -In 2008, number of homes occupied was 1095, with more homes being built continuosly

Answer 49

* Industry arrived in the 1860's due to good river access for importing and exporting goods -Shipyards -Factories for rope, chemicals, soap and ammunition * In 1889 Europe's largest gas works were opened - closed down in 1965 as North sea gas was discovered

Answer 50

* Industries were closed down, and the land became derelict -A toxic wasteland due to soil becoming contaminated with heavy metals * Greenwich peninsula has an issue with drainage and flooding, so the area remained undeveloped untol industrialism

Answer 51

* The millenium dome (O2), with many shops, restaurants, and a large arena where concerts take place -Attracts internal and international visitors, for the share of culture * Nearby university

Answer 52

* 300 acres of land were bough in 1997 by English partnerships with aim of: -Enhancing the transport network -Developing more homes, parkland, commercial space, and community facilities * Ready for the millenium dome, constructed with new roads, cycle paths, and river walks

Answer 53

* Ecological monitoring of the site * Advice given, and data gathered from the environment agency * BREEAM rating scheme - assessment method to show how improved environmental performance cen be achieved through good design (environmental performance is shown on a scale from pass to excellent) -Millenuim village first privatedevelopment in the UK to recieve excellent

Answer 54

* Excellent links to public transport (buses, cable cars, london underground), and is a walkable/cyclable area -Schools, entertainment, healthcare etc nearby * There is lots of open green space, and many lakes and ponds - to bring back wildlife that previously lived in these marshlands

Answer 55

- The city’s last coal pit closed in 1956 - This was followed by the slow demise of the shipyards on the bank of the river Tyne in the 70s, 80s and 90s.

Answer 56

- Riverside areas of Newcastle upon Tyne were responsible for the city’s growth and wealth during the industrial revolution. - Industries such as the Armstrong armaments works and ship building employed tens of thousands from riverside communities

Regeneration Flashcards

(80 cards)