Regeneration EQ4

Question 1

How can the economic success of regeneration be measured?

Answer 1

The success of economic regeneration can be measured in the following ways
- income
- employment
- poverty
Bit within areas and compared to more successful areas.

Question 2

Why is it difficult to measure the success of an area?

Answer 2

Evidence of success is hard to quantify as there are
- many variables of regeneration and its outcomes
- regeneration schemes are designed to be long running rather than a quick fix (progress may not be seen straight away)
- strong brand and identity is needed for regeneration to be successful which is again it is hard to quantify.

Question 3

What is an example of a successful regeneration scheme?

Answer 3

The Gorbals in South Glasgow : In 1990 the Crown street regeneration resulted in attractive spacious flats with employment spaces. It helped to close the economic divide in the populations
- unemployment fell by 31%
- people on Welfare benefits fell by 35%

Question 4

How can social progress be measured?

Answer 4

• reduction in inequalities between areas and within them
• improvement in social measures of deprivation (index of multiple deprivation)
• demographics changes such as improvements in life expectancy and reductions in health deprivation

Question 5

What is an example of social progress data?

Answer 5

Manchester has seen waves of regeneration since 1980. Between 2001 -2011 Manchester has seen
- increase of 0.8% in full time employment
- decrease of 10.8% in workers with no qualifications
- decrease of 3.7% infant mortality per 1000 live births

Question 6

How do measure success of regeneration through environmental quality?

Answer 6

• reduction in pollution levels
• reduction in abandoned and derelict land

Question 7

What do regeneration schemes normally include to improve the quality of the environment?

Answer 7

• redeveloping derelict land and buildings
• decontaminate brown land
• creating new parks and green spaces (trees, wetlands ect)
• putting in place street furniture and improving area designed (graffiti removal)

Question 8

How does the index of multiple deprivation measure the quality of the environment?

Answer 8

IMD measures quality of local environments by separating it into two sub divisions
Indoor - housing quality, facilities (modern kitchens and bathrooms), insulation
Outdoor - air quality and number of road traffic accidents

Question 9

What is an example of improved quality of life in a regeneration scheme?

Answer 9

The 2012 London Olympic Stratford:
- 100 ha of new green spaces were created (involves the decontamination of 600,000 tonnes of soil)
- 3km of rivers and canals where cleared
- 230,000 cubic metres of groundwater was removed and cleaned.
- improvements made to public transport maybe improving air pollution

Question 10

What the consequences of purely focusing on economic and physical upgrade to an area?

Answer 10

Small improvements to a local environment can often have a significant and diverse range of social and economic multiplier without it
- locals can be forced out (gentrification)
- doesn’t improve individuals life’s and will cause outmigration

Question 11

Why do urban stakeholder have difference vies in successful regeneration?

Answer 11

Success is veiled very different by individuals or stakeholders. They vies point dependent on a range of factors
- own perception
- level of attachment
- motives (economic, social and environmental)

Question 12

What are the main stakeholder in an urban regeneration and their views?

Answer 12

National government and planning > reconciling different interests, long term national goals take priority (economic focus)
Local council > tackling inequality, balance environment, social and economic interests
Developers > economic standpoint, profits is needed
Local businesses > polarised viewpoints (are they going to be benefited), tend or get quite a high say in regeneration efforts
Local communities > few individuals will represent the population taking place in pressure group (social standpoint)

Question 13

What is a benefit and cost ratio?

Answer 13

The balance between investment and outcomes; a positive ratio is desirable for investment

Question 14

What strategies were used in the Salford Quays regeneration?

Answer 14

Salford Quays is located in greater Manchester. It has faced massive amount is deindustrialisation for the decline of port use.
1. 90 aces of former industrial land was developed by Salford council and private investors
2. Landmark building such as Lowery theatre and gallery opened and the Imperial War Museum
3. MediaCity (tech hub) created developed by Peel Holdings and houses BBC and ITV

Question 15

What were the contrasting views in Salford Quays regeneration?

Answer 15

• only 24 of the 680 jobs created at the BBC. (MediaCity) had gone to local people
• NV building had apartments on sale for £800,000 unaffordable for most locals

Question 16

What were the stakeholder view points in the Salford Quays regeneration?

Answer 16

Local council > better external image to attract investment
Existing residence > better housing, services and job opportunities
Property developers > profit motivated
Local businesses > population increase maximising sales and revenue
National government > increasing northern power house scheme making the city a greater economic power and increased regional outputs

Question 17

What is NIMBYism?

Answer 17

‘Not in my backyard’. It shows a opposition to proposed development in their local areas and consequently may hinder regeneration even if they agree with the principles behind the change.

Question 18

How can regeneration changes be judged?

Answer 18

• has perceived vies changed for the better
• is the regeneration sustainable
• a three legs of the ‘stool’ need to be catered for (economic, social and environmental)
• does it cater for locals?
• enhanced environment? (Are investment and people attracted to the area, population increase)
• benefit - cost ratio

Question 19

Can the 2012 Olympic park regeneration be deemed successful?

Answer 19

Yes.
Economic:
- £13 billion injected into local economy including £130 million worth of new contract for UK companies
- UK chooses to hold other world event after the success (2017 world athletes championships)
Social:
- 10,000 new homes, 2 primary school and multi purpose cultural centres
C > bit of gentrification with unaffordable athletes flats
- helped massively for re imaging and changing perceptions (media coverage)
Environmental:
- 2.5 sq Km of remediate brownfield land and wetland restoration
- 100 hectares of green space created
- easy walk and cycle design and improved public transport

Question 20

Why are there’re conflicts in rural regeneration strategies?

Answer 20

Rural areas tend it experience conflicts as
- plan may to be large or create to a much change
- plans may develop onto green belt land
- may be high environmental costs
- increase in visitors may bring higher amounts of congestion and pollution (noise and air)

E.g. The Eden project Cornwall, when first proposed locals feared increased congestion and traffic.

Question 21

What is an example of contested rural regeneration

Answer 21

Balmedie, Aberdeenshire:
In 2006 Donald Trump bough the Menie Estate in Balmedie, he planned to invest £1 billion into creating a luxury golf club. This would employ 1200 people and 1500 new houses. Despite the promised jobs opposition was extensive
- local groups ‘Tripping up Trump’ opposes the plans are to large and intrusive
- local council opposed the changes as encroachment on greenbelt land
- destruction of sand dunes (SSSI) and bird habitats
- residence objected to threat of homes being destroyed to make space for the development

Question 22

How can rural regeneration strategies be judged?

Answer 22

Strategies can be judged using a range of economic, social, demographic and environmental variables (as seen in the Egan wheel) such as
- well connected (improvements in transport)
- better public transport and services
- sustainable environment
- thriving economy?
- well designed and built housing
- benefit and cost ratio

Question 23

Who are the main rural stakeholders?

Answer 23

• landowners
• farmers
• government/local council
• environmental organisations

Question 24

Why will different stakeholders have different criteria?

Answer 24

The different stakeholders views will dependent in the meaning and lived experience of a rural place and the impact of change in both the reality and images of that place.