regents day (2) Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
limiting factors
A
Environmental conditions that can limit population growth, competition, predation, disease, and the availability of resources
2
Q
linear sequence
A
The order of the nucleotide sub units that make up each long strand of DNA molecule
3
Q
linkage
A
Occurs when the genes for one type of trait are inherited along with the genes for another particular type of trait because they are located on the same chromosome
4
Q
logistic growth
A
A type of population growth in which the growth rate decreases as the population reaches a maximum number that can be supported by the environment
5
Q
lysosomes
A
Organelles in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells in which organic molecules are broken down
6
Q
mass extinctions
A
Events in which large numbers of species become extinct in a short span of geological time
7
Q
matter
A
anything that has mass and takes up space
8
Q
meiosis
A
a type of cell division that produces four haploid cells from one diploid cell
9
Q
metabolism
A
describes the chemical activities that take place in an organism (building up and breaking down reactions)
10
Q
microbes
A
microscopic, living or nonliving things that may cause disease when they invade another organism’s body
11
Q
migrigation
A
A behavior pattern in which groups of animals travel with the seasons, following resources, such as rain and food
12
Q
mitochondria
A
cell organelles, often called the “powerhouses” of the cell, responsible for producing most of the cell’s energy
13
Q
molecules
A
Substances made above two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
14
Q
multicellular
A
describes organisms that are made up of more than one cell
15
Q
muscle tissue
A
A type of tissue that is capable of contracting, which allows for movement
16
Q
mutation
A
A change in a linear sequence of a DNA molecule
17
Q
mutualism
A
an interaction between individuals of different species in which both individual benefit from the interaction
18
Q
natural resources
A
materials or services from the environment that are valuable to society
19
Q
natural selection
A
The process by which organisms having the most adaptive traits for an environment or more likely to survive and reproduce
20
Q
negative feedback loop
A
A feedback mechanism that works to reduce the initial change and return the system to homeostasis
21
Q
nervous system
A
A system that enables the detection of, and response to, a stimulus
22
Q
nervous tissue
A
A type of tissue that is capable of transmitting information using electrical and chemical means
23
Q
neurons
A
In animals, the cells that transmit nerve impulses to and from other neurons and other types of cells
24
Q
niche
A
an organisms role in, or interaction with, it’s ecosystem; includes all the living things and organism does to survive
25
nitrogenous bases
A molecule that contains nitrogen and has the properties of a base; the four bases are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine
26
nonrenewable resources
Describes a resource that is not replenished as quickly as it is used, such as coal or natural gas
27
nucleic acids
an organic compound made up of many nucleotides linked together
28
nucleotides
the building blocks, or subunits, of DNA
29
nucleus
an organelle in eukaryotic cells that contains the genetic material
30
observation
made when researchers intentionally watch and study things around them
31
organ
Describes a level of organization in living things, a structure made up of similar tissues that work together to perform the same task
32
organelles
structures within a cell that perform a particular task
33
organic compounds
substances that contain carbon and hydrogen; describes most substances found in living things
34
organisms
Living things; life forms
35
organ malfunction
The failure of one or more organs of the body to perform functions need to maintain health
36
organ system
A group of organs that work together to perform a major task
37
ovaries
The female reproductive organs that produce the mature egg cells
38
overharvesting
The harvesting of natural resources, such as plant or animals, at a rate that is unsustainable
39
ovulation
The release of one mature egg cell from the ovaries every month
40
ozone depletion
A reduction in the amount of ozone in earths ozone layer
41
ozone layer
The layer of ozone gas that surrounds earth high in the atmosphere and blocks out harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation
42
parasitism
An interaction between individuals of two species in which one individual benefit benefits while the other is harmed
43
passive transport
Movement of substances across a membrane; requires no use of energy
44
pathogens
Microbes that caused diseases, such as certain bacteria viruses
45
Ph
A measurement of how acidic or basic a solution is
46
phenotype
An organisms physical characteristics
47
photosynthesis
The process that, in the presence of light energy, consumes water and carbon dioxide, and produces chemical energy (glucose) and oxygen
48
phylogenic tree
A diagram that shows evolutionary relationships among species
49
placenta
The organ that forms in the uterus of mammals to nourish a developing embryo and remove its waste products
50
plasma membrane
A membrane made up of lipids and proteins that separates the inside of a cell from the outside environment
51
poison
substances that are capable of causing injury, illness, or death, when introduced to the body
52
pollutants
substances in the environment that are harmful to the health and survival of organisms
53
pollution
Introduction of harmful substances into the environment
54
polygenic inheritance
Occur occurs when a trait, such as height, is determined by several genes
55
population
all the individuals of the same species that live in the same area
56
population density
The number of organisms per unit of area
57
positive feedback loop
A feedback mechanism that works to increase the initial change until an endpoint is reached
58
predation
An interaction in which one organism kills consumes another organism
59
pregnancy
in animals, the condition of having a developing embryo within the body
60
primary succession
A type of ecological succession in which plants and animals colonize a lifeless habitat
61
producers
Organisms on the first trophic level, which obtain their energy from inorganic sources
62
progesterone
in females, along with estrogen, a major sex hormone
63
prokaryotic cells
cells that lack membrane bound organelles
64
protein synthesis
The process in which information from a DNA sequence is used to make a sequence of amino acids for a protein
65
proteins
Organic compounds that are made up of chains of amino acids
66
puberty
Sexual maturation; when sperm or cells are produced in secondary sex characteristics develop
67
punnet square
A diagram, often composed of four boxes, that is used to determine possible combinations of alleles and two organisms offspring
68
radiometric dating
A method for determining the ages of materials that involves measuring radioactive decay
69
receptors
Proteins that play an important role in the interactions between cells
70
recessive
In genetics, an allele that produces a certain phenotype only when it is paired with another recessive allele
71
recombinant DNA
Pieces of DNA that can be removed and joined with other pieces of DNA
72
recombination
The formation of new combinations of genetic material due to crossing over during meiosis or due to genetic engineering
73
renewable resources
Describes resources that can be replaced as quickly as they are used such as wood and biofuels
74
reproduction
The production of offspring, either bisexual or asexual means
75
reproductive isolation
Conditions that prevent populations of closely related species from interbreeding
76
reservoir
A location in which something is stored for some period of time
77
restriction enzyme
bacterial enzymes that cut DNA at specific sequences
78
RNA
A nucleic acid that is similar to DNA, but contains ribonucleic instead of deoxyribose and uracil instead of thymine
79
ribosomes
The organelles at which protein synthesis occurs which contain rRNA
80
secondary succession
A type of ecological succession in which plants and animals recolonize habitat after a major disturbance, such as a fire or flood
81
selective breeding
The process by which humans encourage the development of specific traits by breeding the plants or animals that have those traits
82
selective permeability
The ability of the plasma membrane to control which substances enter and leave the cell
83
sensor
In a feedback mechanism, the body structure that detects changes in external or internal conditions and provide input to the control center
84
set point
in homeostasis, the optimum value for a variable such as body temperature
85
sex cells
The male and female gametes
86
sex chromosomes
In a human karyotype, the last two chromosomes, which determines the person’s sex (x and y)
87
sex-linked
traits or characteristics determined by genes located on the sex chromosomes (X and Y)
88
sexual reproduction
describes reproduction that requires two parents to pass on genetic information
89
societies
Organized social groups in which many animals live
90
solid wastes
Non-fluid materials that are discarded
91
speciation
\the evolutionary process where one population splits into two or more distinct species
92
species
A group of related organisms that can breed and produce fertile offspring
93
sperm cell
The male gamete that supplies half the genetic information to the zygote
94
stability
The ability of an ecosystem to continue and to remain healthy
95
stabilizing selection
favors the average trait within a population and selects against extreme variations
96
starch
One of many complex carbohydrates made up of many glucose molecules; used for energy storage in plants
97
stem cells
undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce many different types of cells
98
stimulus
Any event events, change, or condition in the environment that causes an organism to make a response
99
stomata
Openings in the surface of a leaf that are adapted to control the uptake of carbon dioxide and the loss of water
100
succession
the process of change in the species composition of a biological community over time, often following a disturbance
101
sustainable development
Refers to improving the way we live without harming the environment
102
symbiosis
A close relationship between two or more different organisms that live together, which is often but not always beneficial
103
synapse
A gap that separates adjoining nerve cells and through which nerve impulses are transmitted
104
system
a group of parts in which the parts interact to carry out functions
105
taxonomy
The science of naming and classifying organisms according to their evolutionary relationships and shared characteristics
106
territory
The area in which an animal lives in which it usually defends
107
testes
The pair of male reproductive organs that produced the sperm cells
108
testosterone
In males, the main sex hormone that influences secondary sex characteristics and reproduction
109
theory
A general statement that is supported by many observations and experiments
110
theory of evolution
In explanation for changes in species overtime; explain explains that changes in species are due to natural selection acting on genetic variations
111
thermal pollution
atThe type of water pollution that occurs when he is added to the water by factories and power generating plants
112
tissues
Describes a level of organization in living things, groups of cells with similar structures and functions
113
toxins
Chemicals that can harm a developing fetus if taking in by the mother during pregnancy
114
traits
specific Characteristics of an organism
115
transcription
The process by which the information in a strand of DNA is copied into a new molecule of messenger RNA
116
transcription factor
One of many different proteins that allow cells to control transcription by starting and regulating this process
117
translation
The process by which a protein is synthesized from the information contained in a molecule of messenger RNA
118
trophic levels
Each of the feeding level levels on a food chain or a food web
119
unicellular
Describes organisms that are made up of just one cell
120
uterus
In female mammals, the reproductive organ that holds the developing embryo
121
vaccinations
Injections that prepare the immune system to fight a specific illness in the future
122
vacuoles
The organelles that store materials, including waste for the cell
123
vectors
Small circular pieces of bacterial DNA or viruses that can move pieces of DNA from one organism to another
124
virusus
Particles of genetic material that can replicate only within a hostel, where they usually harm
125
white blood cells
Several types of cells that work to protect the body from disease, causing microbes and foreign substances
126
zygote
Fertilize egg that is formed when the nuclear of two gametes fuse
