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Regional Gross Anatomy > Region 12 - Head > Flashcards

Region 12 - Head Flashcards

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1
Q

Where is the primary motor cortex?

A

Pre-central gyrus of the dorsal frontal lobe

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2
Q

Where is the somatosensory cortex?

A

Post-central gyrus of the parietal lobe

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3
Q

Where is Broca’s area?

A

Frontal lobe superior to ventral lateral fissure

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4
Q

What is Broca’s area responsible for?

A

Production of speech

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5
Q

Where is Wernicke’s area?

A

Posterosuperior temporal lobe:

- Posterior superior temporal gyrus

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6
Q

What is Wernicke’s area responsible for?

A

Comprehending speech

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7
Q

Where is the visual cortex?

A

Posterior pole of occipital lobe

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8
Q

Where is the auditory cortex?

A

Superior aspect of each temporal lobe

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9
Q

What does the lateral fissure contain?

A

Middle cerebral artery

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10
Q

What does the longitudinal fissure contain?

A

Anterior cerebral arteries

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11
Q

What is the corpus callosum?

A

White matter tract connecting the cerebral hemispheres

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12
Q

Where do the association tracts of the corpus callosum run between?

A

Gyri of the same hemisphere

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13
Q

Where do the commissural fibres/tracts of the corpus callosum run between?

A

From one region of a hemisphere to the contralateral corresponding region

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14
Q

Where do the projection fibres of the corpus callosum run between?

A

From cerebrum to:

  • Thalamus
  • Brainstem
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15
Q

What are the functions of the basal ganglia?

A 
Regulates initiation and termination of body movements
Involved with (via limbic system):
- Memory
- Planning
- Emotional response
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16
Q

What is the lentiform nucleus?

A

Globus pallidus plus Putamen

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17
Q

Where is the substantia nigra?

A

Midbrain

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18
Q

What does the substantia nigra communicate with?

A

Caudate nucleus

Putamen

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19
Q

What do the subthalamic nuclei communicate with?

A

Globus pallidus

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20
Q

What is the thalamus a station for?

A

A major sensory relay station

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21
Q

What structures communicate with the cerebral hemispheres via the thalamus?

A

Spinal cord
Brainstem
Midbrain

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22
Q

What else does the thalamus connect to (aside from cerebral hemispheres)?

A

Hypothalamus

Limbic system

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23
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

A 
Regulates ANS
Homeostasis:
- Thirst
- Temperature
Hormone production
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24
Q

What hormones does the hypothalamus produce?

A 
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
Corticotropin releasing hormone
Somatostation
Growth hormone-releasing hormone
Gonadotropin-releasing hormon
Dopamine
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25
What does the hypothalamus have connections with?
Pituitary gland
26
What does the pineal gland produce?
Melatonin: | - Circadian rhythm
27
What are the parts of the epithalamus?
Pineal gland Habenular nucleus: - Olfaction - Emotional response
28
What are the parts of the diencephalon?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Pineal gland
29
What cranial nerves originate from the midbrain?
III | IV
30
What does the midbrain connect?
Pons and medulla to diencephalon
31
What is the function of the superior colliculus of the midbrain?
Visual tracking | Scanning
32
What is the function of the inferior colliculus of the midbrain?
Auditory startle reflex
33
What is the function of the substantia nigra of the midbrain?
Controls subconscious muscle action
34
What is the function of the red nuclei of the midbrain?
Coordinate muscle movement
35
What are the functions of the pons?
``` Pontine nuclei: - Coordination - Maximise voluntary motor output Pneumotaxic tract: - Controls breathing ```
36
What cranial nerves originate from the pons?
V VI VII VIIIv
37
What are the pyramids of the medulla?
The motor tracts of the medulla: | - Lie medially
38
What are the functions of the medulla?
``` Cardiovascular centres: - Rate and force of heartbeat - Vessel diameter Breathing centres Nuclei concerned with: - Touch - Pressure - Vibration ```
39
What are the olives of the medulla?
Deal with proprioception: | - Lie laterally
40
What cranial nerves originate from the medulla?
``` VIIIc IX X XI XII ```
41
What structure of the cerebellum lies between its two hemispheres?
Vermis
42
What are the functions of the cerebellum?
``` Controls subconscious aspects of skeletal muscle movement Coordinates complex sequences Regulates: - Posture - Balance ```
43
What does the superior cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellum to?
Midbrain
44
What does the middle cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellum to?
Pons
45
What does the inferior cerebellar peduncle connect the cerebellum to?
Medulla
46
What are the folds in the cerebellum called?
Folia
47
Where is the pituitary gland found?
In pituitary fossa: | - Sella turcica
48
What is the pituitary gland covered by?
Diaphragma sellae
49
What hormones are released by the anterior pituitary gland?
``` Growth hormone Adrenocorticotropic hormone Thyroid stimulating hormone Follicle stimulating hormone and luteinising hormone Prolactin ```
50
What hormones are released by the posterior pituitary gland?
Oxytocin | Antidiuretic hormone
51
What do the anterior cerebral arteries supply?
Frontal lobe | Parietal lobes
52
What do the middle cerebral arteries supply?
Temporal lobes
53
What do the posterior cerebral arteries supply?
Occipital lobe | Base of brain
54
What are the branches of the basilar artery?
Cerebellar arteries Pontine arteries Medullary arteries
55
Where do the vertebral arteries arise?
Subclavian arteries
56
What are the functions of the dura mater?
Lines skull Protects brain Forms dural venous sinuses
57
What are the functions of the arachnoid mater?
Covers surface of brain | Carries blood vessels
58
Where does the pia mater lie?
Adheres to surface of brain: - Goes into sulci - Goes around gyri
59
What structures does the dura mater form?
Falx cerebri (between cerebral hemispheres) Falx cerebelli Tentorium cerebelli Diaphragma sellae
60
Where does the anterior meningeal artery arise from?
Ethmoid branches of ICA
61
What does the anterior meningeal artery supply?
Dura of anterior fossa
62
From what artery does the middle meningeal artery arise?
Maxillary artery
63
How does the middle meningeal artery enter the skull?
Foramen spinosum
64
Trauma to what region can damage the middle meningeal artery? What can this result in?
Pterion Results in: - Extradural haemorrhage - Compression of brain
65
From what artery does the posterior meningeal artery arise?
Occipital artery
66
What does the posterior meningeal artery supply?
Dura of posterior fossa
67
What nerve supplies the anterior falx cerebri?
Anterior meningeal branches of ethmoidal nerve (CN V1)
68
What nerves supply the dura of the anterior cranial fossa?
Anterior meningeal branches of ethmoid nerve (CN V1) Meningeal branch of CN V2 Meningeal branches of CN V3
69
What nerves supply the dura of the middle cranial fossa?
Meningeal branch of CN V2 | Meningeal branches of CN V3
70
From what nerve does the tentorial nerve arise?
Meningeal branch of CN V1
71
What does the tentorial nerve supply?
Tentorium cerebelli | Posterior falx cerebri (roof of posterior cranial fossa)
72
What nerves supply the floor of the posterior cranial fossa?
C2 and C3 fibres
73
What veins drain into the superior sagittal sinus?
Superior cerebral veins
74
What veins drain into the straight sinus?
Inferior sagittal sinus | Great cerebral vein
75
What forms the great cerebral vein?
Internal cerebral veins
76
What veins meet at the confluence of sinuses?
Superior sagittal sinus Straight sinus Occipital sinus
77
What is the route of drainage from the confluence of sinuses?
Drains to transverse sinus Transverse sinus drains to sigmoid sinus Sigmoid sinus drains to IJVs
78
Between what do the dural venous sinuses form?
``` Periosteum and dura eg: - Sigmoid sinus - Superior sagittal sinus OR Between 2 layers of dura eg: - Inferior sagittal sinus ```
79
How can the emissary veins of the scalp be a potential route for infection?
Drain to superior sagittal sinus
80
How can the facial and infra-orbital veins be a potential route for infection?
Drain to cavernous sinus
81
Where do the lateral ventricles lie?
In each cerebral hemisphere
82
Where does the cerebral aqueduct run? What does it connect?
Through midbrain | Connects 3rd and 4th ventricles
83
Where is the 3rd ventricle?
Inside thalamus
84
What connects the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle?
Interventricular foramina of Monro
85
How does the 4th ventricle connect to the subarachnoid space?
``` Lateral apertures: - x2 - aka Foramina of Luschka Median aperture: - aka Foramen of Magendie ```
86
Aside from the subarachnoid space, what else is the 4th ventricle connected to?
Central canal of spinal cord
87
What is the function of CSF?
Provides mechanical and physical protection to brain and spinal cord
88
Where is CSF produced?
In choroid plexuses of all ventricles: | - Mostly in roof of lateral ventricles
89
How is CSF recycled?
Reabsorbed through subarachnoid granulations and villi into dural venous sinuses
90
What bones form the anterior cranial fossa?
``` Frontal bone (anteriorly) Ethmoid bone (middle) Sphenoid bone (posteriorly): - Body - Lesser wings ```
91
What structure extends superiorly from the ethmoid bone? What structures lie either side of it?
Crista galli Cribiform plates of ethmoid lie on either side: - Foramina transmit CN I
92
What parts of the sphenoid bone contribute to the middle cranial fossa?
Sella turcica of body of sphenoid (centrally) Depressed lateral parts of body Greater wings (laterally)
93
What parts of the temporal bone contribute to the middle cranial fossa?
``` Squamous part (laterally) Petrous part (posteriorly) ```
94
What foramina are found in the middle cranial fossa?
Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum
95
In what bone are the foramina of the middle cranial fossa found?
Cerebral surfaces of the greater wing of sphenoid
96
What structures does the superior orbital fissure transmit?
Cranial nerves III, IV, V1 and VI Ophthalmic veins SNS fibres from cavernous plexus
97
What structure does the foramen rotundum transmit?
CN V2
98
What structures does the foramen ovale transmit?
``` Otic ganglion CN V3 Accessory meningeal artery Lesser petrosal nerve (PNS from CN IX) Emissary veins ```
99
What structures does the foramen spinosum transmit?
Middle meningeal artery and vein | Meningeal branch of CN V3
100
Where does the foramen lacerum lie?
Posterolateral to the sella turcica
101
What does the foramen lacerum transmit?
Deep petrosal nerve (SNS from internal carotid plexus) Emissary veins Some meningeal artery branches
102
What cranial fossa does the optic canal lie in?
Can be considered a part of the anterior or middle cranial fossa
103
What does the optic canal transmit?
CN II | Ophthalmic artery
104
How does the ICA enter the skull?
Passes through carotid canal | Enters middle cranial fossa at superior aspect of foramen lacerum
105
What bones form the posterior cranial fossa?
Occipital bone Temporal bone: - Petrous part (anterolaterally)
106
What foramina lie in the posterior cranial fossa?
Foramen magnum Jugular foramen Hypoglossal canal
107
What structures does the foramen magnum transmit?
Medulla and meninges Vertebral and spinal arteries CN XI Dural veins
108
What structures does the jugular foramen transmit?
Cranial nerves IX, X and XI | IJV
109
What structure does the hypoglossal canal transmit?
CN XII
110
Grooves for what structures lie on each side of the posterior cranial fossa?
Transverse sinus | Sigmoid sinus
111
Where does the internal acoustic meatus lie?
Anterosuperior to the jugular foramen
112
What structures does the internal acoustic meatus transmit?
``` Cranial nerves VII and VIII Labyrinthine artery (from AICA) ```
113
What are the olfactory nerves essentially?
Outgrowths of telencephalon
114
What is the course of the olfactory nerves?
Nerves from olfactory mucosa travel through cribiform plate to olfactory bulb Olfactory tracts from olfactory bulb travel to prepiriform area of amygdala: - Primary olfactory cortex
115
What are the optic nerves an extension of?
Diencephalon
116
What is the course of the optic nerve?
Retina -> Optic canal -> Optic chiasm -> Optic tracts
117
Where do 90% of the fibres from the optic nerve travel to?
Lateral geniculate nucleus of the thalamus | Then to striate area of visual cortex
118
Where do the remaining 10% of the fibres from the optic nerve travel to?
Along medial root (non-geniculate): | - Unconscious regulation
119
Where does the oculomotor nerve originate from?
Midbrain
120
How does the oculomotor nerve travel to the orbit?
Runs in lateral wall of cavernous venous sinus Traverses superior orbital fissure Travels through annulus of Zinn (annular ring)
121
What is the annular ring?
Tendinous ring | Origin of the 4 extraocular recti muscles
122
What nerves travel through the annular ring?
``` Superior and inferior divisions of CN III Nasociliary nerve (CN V1) Abducent nerve (CN IV) ```
123
What muscles does the oculomotor nerve supply?
``` Via superior division: - Superior rectus - Levator palpebrae Via inferior division: - Inferior oblique - Medial rectus - Inferior rectus ```
124
What structures does CN III give PNS supply to?
``` Sphincter pupillae (constriction) Ciliary muscle ```
125
From where does the trochlear nerve originate?
Posterior midbrain
126
What does the origin of CN IV infer for the nerve?
Longest intracranial route of any cranial nerve
127
What is the course of CN IV?
Runs in lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus Enters orbit via superior orbital fissure Lies outside of annular ring
128
What is CN IV the only cranial nerve to do?
All fibres cross-over to contralateral side
129
What is the function of CN IV?
Motor fibres to superior oblique
130
From where does CN V originate?
Pons
131
What is the course of CN V1?
Runs in lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus | Enters orbit via superior orbital fissure
132
What are the branches of CN V1?
Frontal nerve Lacrimal nerve Nasociliary nerve
133
What structures does CN V1 give sensory supply to?
``` Eye (afferent limb of corneal blink reflex) Lacrimal gland Eyebrow and upper lid Skin of forehead Skin of dorsal nose (bridge) Anterosuperior nasal cavity ```
134
What is the course of CN V2?
Runs in lateral wall of cavernous dural venous sinus | Enters pterygopalatine fossa via foramen rotundum
135
What structures does CN V2 give sensory supply to?
``` Skin of cheek Lower lid Upper jaw and teeth Side of nose Mucosa of mouth ```
136
What is the course of CN V3?
Travels through foramen ovale | Runs along inferior surface of base of skull
137
What structures does CN V3 give sensory supply to?
External auditory canal Parotid gland Lower jaw and teeth Anterior 2/3 of tongue and floor of mouth
138
What structures does CN V3 give motor supply to?
``` Muscles of mastication Anterior belly of digastric Mylohyoid Tensor tympani Veli tensor palatini ```
139
What fibres, from what cranial nerve, does the lacrimal nerve from CN V1 carry?
PNS fibres from CN VII to lacrimal gland
140
What fibres, from what cranial nerve, does the zygomatic nerve from CN V2 carry?
PNS fibres from CN VII to lacrimal nerve
141
What fibres, from what cranial nerve, does the auriculotemporal nerve from CN V3 carry?
PNS fibres from CN IX from tympanic nerve to parotid gland
142
What fibres, from what cranial nerve, does the lingual nerve from CN V3 carry?
PNS fibres from CN VII from chorda tympani
143
Where does CN VI originate?
Pons
144
What is the course of CN VI?
Passes through cavernous dural venous sinus (with ICA) Traverses superior orbital fissure Travels through annular ring
145
What is the function of CN VI?
Motor to lateral rectus
146
How can the course of CN VI be described?
Longest intradural course of any cranial nerve
147
Where does CN VII originate?
Caudal pons
148
How does CN VII enter the temporal bone? How does the nerve travel through the temporal bone?
Enters internal acoustic meatus to run through facial canal
149
What fibres does the greater petrosal nerve from CN VII contain?
PNS
150
What does the greater petrosal nerve join and what does it form?
Joins deep petrosal nerve | Forms nerve of pterygoid canal
151
What are the functions of the nerve of pterygoid canal?
ANS supply to: - LAcrimal gland - Palatine glands - Nasal glands
152
What 3 branches of CN VII arise in the facial canal?
Greater petroal nerve Nerve to stapedius Chorda tympani
153
How does CN VII leave the temporal bone?
Stylomastoid foramen
154
Where does CN VIII originate?
Pontomedullary junction
155
What are the vestibular projections of CN VIII?
Cerebellum Cranial nerves III, IV and VI Spinal tracts
156
What are the cochlear projections of CN VIII?
Inferior colliculus Medial geniculate nucleus of thalamus: - Then to auditory cortex (Brodmann area 41 in temporal lobe)
157
Where does CN IX originate?
Lateral aspect of medulla
158
How does CN IX leave the cranium?
Anterior aspect of jugular foramen
159
What structures does CN IX give PNS supply to?
Parotid galnd Buccal glands Labial glands
160
What special sensory fibres does CN IX transmit?
Taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue
161
What is the motor distribution of CN IX?
Stylopharyngeus | Also pharyngeal plexus
162
What structures does CN IX give sensory supply to?
``` Posterior 1/3 tongue Soft palate Pharynx Tympanic cavity and membrane Phayngotympanic tube Pinna External auditory meatus ```
163
What reflex is CN IX the afferent limb of?
Gag reflex (via sensations from soft palate and pharynx)
164
Where does the carotid sinus nerve branch of CN IX travel to?
``` Carotid sinus (baroreceptor) Carotid body (chemoreceptor) Both as base of ICA ```
165
Where does the vagus nerve arise?
Series of rootlets from the lateral aspect of the medulla
166
What is the motor distribution of CN X?
``` Soft palate Pharynx Intrinsic pharyngeal muscles Palatoglossus (Pharyngeal plexus) ```
167
What is the sensory distribution of CN X?
``` Dura (posterior cranial fossa) EAM Lower pharynx Laryngeal mucosa Thoracic and abdominal viscera ```
168
What is the course of the spinal accessory nerve?
Originates from spinal cord Ascends through foramen magnum Joins its 'cranial root' Leaves through jugular foramen
169
What is the cranial root of CN XI now considered?
Another root of CN X
170
What is the function of CN XI?
Motor supply to: - SCM - Trapezius
171
What is the course of CN XII?
Originates from medulla anterior to olive Passes through hypoglossal canal Enters root of tongue above hyoid
172
What is the motor distribution of CN XII?
All intrinsic tongue muscles Styloglossus Genioglossus Hyoglossus

Regional Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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