regional and directional terms Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Superior
A
toward the head end or upper part of a sttructure or the body; above
2
Q
Inferior
A
away from the head end or toward the lower part of a structure or body; below
3
Q
anterior
A
toward or at the front of the body; in front of
4
Q
posterior
A
toward or at the backside of the body; behind
5
Q
medial
A
toward or at the midline of the body; on the inner side of
6
Q
lateral
A
away from the midline of the body; on the outer side of
7
Q
proximal
A
close to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
8
Q
distal
A
farther from the origin of a body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk
9
Q
superficial
A
toward or at the body surface
10
Q
deep
A
11
Q
intermediate
A
between a more medial and a more lateral structure
12
Q
plane
A
imaginary line through the bodys 3 dimensions or an organ
12
Q
section
A
a cut through a body wall or organ
13
Q
sagittal section
A
a cut made along the lengthwise, plane of the body. right and left parts
14
Q
midsagittal (median) section
A
cut made down the median plane. right and left parts are equal
15
Q
frontal (coronal) section
A
a cut made along lengthwise that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts
16
Q
transverse (cross) section
A
a cut made along a horizontal plane, dividing the body or organ into superior and inferior parts
17
Q
eye
A
orbital
18
Q
armpit
A
axillary
19
Q
thigh
A
femoral
20
Q
genitals
A
pubic
21
Q
chest
A
thoracic
22
Q
groin
A
inguinal
23
Q
A
24
neck
cervical
24
below the ribs
abdominal
25
ankle
tarsal
26
hip
coxal
27
wrist
carpal
28
navel
umbilical
29
breastbone
sternal
30
point of shoulder
acromial
31
front of the elbow
antecubital
32
back of the knee
popliteal
33
spine
vertebral
34
head
cephalic
34
back of the head
occipital
35
calf
sural
36
buttock
gluteal
37
37
38
shoulder blade
scapular
38
curve of the shoulder
deltoid
39
back of the elbow
olecranal
40
heel of the foot
calcaneal
41
area between the hips
sacral
42
cranial cavity
brain
43
spinal cavity
spinal cord
44
thoracic cavity
lungs ,heart, trachea, diaphragm
45
abdominal cavity
stomach, liver, intestines
46
pelvic cavity
reproductive organs, bladder, rectum
47
gross anatomy vs microscopic anatomy
study or large body structures vs structures that can only be seen under a microscope
48
physiology
the study of how the body parts work or function
49
what elements make up loving organisms
Carbon
hydrogen
Oxygen
nitrogen
phosphorous
50
4 types of molecules
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acid
51
types of tissues
epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous
52
Integmentary system
external covering, waterproofs, protects, excretes salt and urea in sweat, REGULATES BODY TEMP, houses temp, pressure, pain, receptors
53
Skeletal
bones, cartilage, ligaments, joints
supports the body, provides framework for movement, protects underlying structures, bloodcell fomation, stores minerals
54
muscular
muscles-cardiac, smooth skeletal
contract and shorten for movement
55
endocrine
endocrine glands produce hormones, SLOW MOVING control of body activities, hormones regulate other body structures/ functions
55
nervous
brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory receptors
FAST ACTING control system, RESPONDS TO IRRITANTS/ STIMULI, send messages to brain and responds by activating effectors
56
cardiovascular
transport system, heart and blood vessels, carries oxygen, nutrients and hormones to/ from tissue cells via blood, protect body from foreighn invaders
57
lymphatic
transport system via lymph, lymph vessels, nodes, and organs. return leaked fluid from blood to blood vessels, circulating blood, house immunity cells, cleanse blood, contains white blood cells, imune system
58
respiratory
nasal passages, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs. SUPPLIES BODY WITH OXYGEN AND RIDS OF CARDON DIOXIDE. oxygen required for cellular respiration to make atp/energy. gas exgchanged in lungs
59
digestive system
oral cavity, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestines, liver, rectum.
BREAKS DOWWN FOOD AND DELIVERS PRODUCTS TO BLOOD DOR DISPERSAL TO BODY CELLS. undigested food leaves body as feces
60
urinary
kidneys, uterus, bladder, urethra. removes nitrogen-containing wastes from blood and flushes from body via urine. maintains electrolyte and acid-base balance of blood
61
reproductive
to produce offspring
62
maintaining bounderies
"inside" remain distinct from "outside"
ex: cell membrane, skin
63
movement
muscular system. propelling, walking, swimming, manipulating
skeletal system acts as levers, provides bones for muscles to pull on to work.
blood, food, urine propelled through internal organs
64
responsiveness
nervous system: cell nerves, rapid communication via electrical impulses. ability to sence changes (stimuli) in environment and react
neuron ( main cell of nervous system- have irritability
65
digestion
digestive system, breaks down ingested food to simple molecules for blood absorbed and delivery to body cells
66
metabolism
digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, endocrine systems
chemical reactions within body cells
breakind down of complex substances into building blocks
nutrients and oxygen produce ATP(power for cells)
67
excretion
digestive, urinary systems
removes waste from body
respiratory system removes waste
68
reproduction
produce offspring
cellular and organism levels (mitosis and meiosis)
69
growth
increase in size, usually due to an increase of cells (by mitosis and meiosis
70
nutrients
taken in via diet
contain chemicals for energy, building, and repair cells
carbohydrates, proteins, fats, minerals, vitamins
71
Oxygen
required for release of energy from food in chemical reactions
20% of air breathed
available in blood and body cells due to respiratory and cardiovascular systems
72
water
60-80 percent of body weight
MOST ABUNDANT CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE IN BODY
provides fluid base for body secretions and excretions
obtained via ingested food/liquids
lost via evaporation in lungs and skin and body excretions
73
74
body temperature
maintained at 98 degree
if to low metabolic reactions slow and stop
if too high chemical reactions speed up and body proteins break down
body heat generated by skeletal muscle work
75
atmospheric pressure
force exerted on body surface by weight of air
breathing depends on it
76
homeostasis
bodys ability to maintain relitively stable internal conditions
state of equilibrium
internal conditions change and vary within narrow limits
2 control systems: nervous and endocrine regulate
77
effector
provides control center response to stimulus
78
afferent pathway
flow of info from receptor to control center (approches)
79
feedback
response; influence the stimuli
80
efferent pathway
flow of info from control center to effector (exits)
81
negative feedback
net effect of the response to the stimulus is to shut off or reduce intensity of the original stimulus
82
positive feedback
increases the original disturbence (stimulus); pushes variable farther from original value
ex: blood clotting, birth- contractions happening more and more
83
anatomical position
erect body
feet parallel
arms hanging at side, palms dacing foreward
84
