Registry Review - Cardiac anatomy Flashcards by Yoshiko Peterson

Cardiac Positon

____ of the heart situated to right of middle and ____ of the heart is situated to the left of midline

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Cardiac Positon

Base is situated upward toward the head, but more ____ than apex, and includes both atria and all the great vessels

posterior

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Cardiac Positon

RV lies ____ to the LV

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Cardiac Positon

___ of the heart refers to junction of the atrial and ventricular septum

The term [Crux Cordis] is Latin and means “the cross of the heart”. It is an anatomical landmark used in angiography. It is formed by the crossing of the atrioventricular sulcus and the conjunction of the posterior interventricular sulcus and the interatrial sulcus.

In the accompanying image the atrioventricular sulcus is colored blue, the posterior interventricular sulcus is red, and the interatrial sulcus is green.

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Cardiac Positon

Tall thin patients tend to have a more ___ axis to their heart compared to shorter obese patients who have a more ____ cardiac position

vertical

horizontal

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Cardiac Positon

normal position of the heart refers to ____

levocardia

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Cardiac Positon

heart is positioned toward the right side of the chest instead of normally pointing to the left

dextrocardia

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Cardiac Positon

the heart is very lateral on the left side of the chest; associated with congenital heart disease

extreme levocardia

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Cardiac Positon

the heart is located in the middle of the chest with the apex pointing midline

mesocardia

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Cardiac Positon

the heart is located in the right side of the chest with the apex pointing to the left; usually occurs due to space lesion abnormality of the left lung (congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation, diaphragmatic hernia)

dextroposition

*levoposition - the heart is located on the left side of the chest; normal position

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Cardiac Structure

males: ___ to ___ g
females: ____ to ____ g

280-340

230 - 280

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Cardiac Structure

LV is ____ in shape, RV is more ____ in shape

ellipsoid

triangular

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Ventricular Structure

papillary muscles attached to each leaflet of AV valves (MV and TV) by the ______, TV has a pap muscle on the _____, and the MV has no _____ pap muscle

chordae tendenae

septum

septal

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Ventricular Structure

In the LV, branches of the RCA supply the ____, ____ muscles and LAD and CX supply the ____, _____ muscle

posterior, medial

anterior, lateral

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Moderator band: One large muscle bridge connecting the RV ____ wall to the right border of the IVS

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Valvular Anatomy

cardiac valves are made of ______ tissue

fibrous

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Valvular Anatomy

valves are covered on both sides by layers of ______

endocardium (epithelial cells)

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TV anatomy

3 leaflets: ____, ______, ______

anterior (largest)

posterior (smallest)

septal (medial)

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TV Anatomy

It is inserted slightly closer to the cardiac apex than the MV.

T or F ?

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VT Anatomy

septal leaflet normally has chordal attachment to the ________

ventricular septum (septophilic)

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Valvular Anatomy

MV and TV insertion sites are normally ____ mm/m2 apart; this is best evaluated in _____ view

A4C

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TV normal valve area is ______

5-8 cm2

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TV valve normally opens ___ and closes ___MV

before

after

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TV valve best evaluated in the ____ & _____ view

A4C

parasternal (inflow)

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_MV valve anatomy_ 2 leaflets: ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

anterior posterior

_MV valve anatomy_ \_\_\_\_\_ leaflet normally shorter and has a scalloped edge

posterior

_MV valve anatomy_ leaflets are supported by the valvular apparatus: \_\_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

mitral annulus chordae tendinae pap muscle

_MV valve anatomy_ normal valve area: _____ cm2

4-6

MV best evaluated in the _____ & _____ views

A4C PLAX

Which valve is this? half moon shaped valve leaflets located between the ventricles and outflow tract

semilunar valves

_AoV Anatomy_ 3 leaflets/cusps: \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_

right coronary left coronary non-coronary

_AoV Anatomy_ \*Thin at the edges with a thickened area centrally on each cusp that is called a:

nodule of Arantius

_AoV Anatomy_ average normal AoV area is _____ cm2

3-4

_PV Anatomy_ 3 leaflets: \_\_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and \_\_\_\_\_\_

right left anterior

_PV Anatomy_ PV lies \_\_\_\_, \_\_\_\_\_, and ______ to the AoV

anterior, superior, and lateral (left)

_PV Anatomy_ PV best evaluated in ____ . Which valve can be seen?

PSAX most anterior (MPA) \*LPA/RPA can be seen depending on the patient

_Cardiac Grooves_

_Coronary Circulation_ The majority of antegrade flow in the coronary arteries occurs early in \_\_\_\_\_\_

ventricular diastole

_Coronary Circulation_ Increased LV diastolic pressure will _____ coronary artery flow

decrease

_Coronary Circulation_ increased HR will reduce the time of ventricular diastole, therefore ______ forward flow in coronaries

reducing

_Coronary Circulation_ During ventricular systole, the AoV is open covering the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

coronary ostium (thus no forward blood flow to coronary arteries)

_Coronary Circulation_ When the AoV \_\_\_\_\_\_\_, blood in aorta easily fills the coronary arteries

closes

\_\_\_\_ originated from the Ao Rt at the right cusp of AoV

RAC (right main coronary artery)

In 80% of individuals, the PDA originates from the RCA and is described as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

right-dominant circulation

In 20% individuals, the PDA originated from the _____ and is described as “left dominant” circulation

LCX

RCA (right main coronary artery ) branches into ___ and runs along the right right atrioventricular groove toward the apex

PDA \*PDA supplies the inferior ventricular septum and inferior wall of LV

\_\_\_\_ supplies posterior, medial papillary muscle and ____ & ____ supply the anterior, lateral papillary muscle

RCA LAD & LCX

Coronary sinus has the ______ O2 saturation of all chambers/vessels

lowest

Coronary sinus crosses behind the LA in the _________ (the junction of the LA and the LV)

posterior atrioventricular groove

If ___ pressure increases, the coronary sinus will dilate

\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ protects the opening of the coronary sinus into the RA

Thebesian valve

What are the three main tributaries of coronary sinus?

1. great cardiac vein 2. middle cardiac vein 3. small cardiac vein

Name each cardiac wall layer: blue: green: purple: red:

blue: endocardium green myocardium purple: epicardium red: pericardium

Name each coronary artery

1. RCA 2. LCA 3. LCX 4. LAD 5. Right (acute) marginal artery 6. PDA 7. Left (obtuse) marginal artery

_LV_ shape?

Ellipsoid

_LV_ composed of three sections:

inflow, apex, ooutflow

_LV_ Anatomical outflow tract extends from ________ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_

inner edge of the interventricular septum leading edge of the anterior mitral leaflet

_LV_ functional outflow tract refers to the area between the _____ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_ & from the _______ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

septal wall, anterior aortic annulus & anterior mitral leaflet, posterior aortic annulus

_LV_ normal wall thickness in men ?

0.6 - 1.0 cm

_LV_ normal wall thickness in women?

0.6 - 0.9 cm

_LV_ normal chamber size end diastole in women?

3.8 - 5.2 cm

_LV_ normal chamber size end diastole men?

4.2 - 5.8 cm

_LV_ average normal EF in men & women?

men: 52-72% women: 54-74%

_LV_ normal fractional shortening (FS)?

\>25%

_LV_ average LV pressure?

120/10 mmHg

_LV_ LV diastolic pressure = ???

mean LA pressure

_LV_ features that differentiate LV from the RV?

* no moderator band * smooth walls (no trabeculations) * 2 pap muscles (anterior & posterior \*septophobic) instead of 3 * bi-leaflet valves * apical displacement of the tricuspid valve compared to MV

_LA_ What are the two distinct cavities of LA?

LA & LA appendage

_LA_ normal AP measurement in PLAX?

\<4cm

_LA_ normal LA area?

\<20 cm2

_LA_ LA volume index is preferred method of assessment and its normal value is?

≤34 mL/m2

_LA_ pressure range in LA = ?

0-12 mmHg

_LA Appendage_ shape?

windsock

_LA Appendage_ locate ____ to the LA

posterior

_LA Appendage_ Its walls contain \_\_\_\_\_\_

pectinate muscle

_LA Appendage_ best evaluated in ____ view

A2C

_LA Appendage_ TEE Doppler evaluation using PW Doppler to evaluate the maximum emptying velocity during atrial contraction. Average \_\_\_?

\>50cm/s

_LA Appendage_ velocities less than ____ indicate increased risk of thrombus formation in the appendage

20cm/m

_RA_ * composed of two portions: anterior and posterior * walls are lined with a thin layer of ______ for structural support

pectinate muscle

_RA_ \_\_\_\_\_ RA is connected to the right atrial appendage

_RA_ \_\_\_\_\_ is a muscular ridge that separates the RA into the portions and extends vertically from IVC to SVC

crista terminalis

_RA_ \_\_\_\_\_\_ is refers to the external ridge of tissue corresponding to the internal crista terminalis

sulcus terminalis

What is the Smooth area inside the right ventricle that leads to the pulmonary trunk?

Conus Arteriosus (infundibulum)

_RA_ O2 saturation is \_\_\_\_?

75%

_RA_ \_\_\_\_\_ protects the opening of the IVC into the RA \*NO hemodynamic function in adults

Eustachian valve

Registry Review - Cardiac anatomy Flashcards

(85 cards)