Regs

Question 1

Who has to have a commercial operators certificate?

Answer 1

General rule: Anyone who carries:
-People or cargo
-From point A to point B for compensation or hire
-Must have a commercial operator’s certificate from the FAA

Individuals or companies who offer services publicly or privately for hire:
-Are said to hold out, and
-Are regulated as a commercial carrier

Companies offering transportation services to all who are willing and able to pay:
-Are engaged in common carriage, and
-Are regulated to higher standards to protect the general public

Question 2

Aircraft Maintenance Log (135.65)

Answer 2

Each aircraft shall have a maintenance log on board that the pilot in command can review the status of deferred or corrected items before each flight

Question 3

What are the general crew requirements for eligible on demand operations

Answer 3

Two-pilot crew with appropriate rating
PIC - at least 1500 hours TT
SIC - at least 500 hours TT

Additional crew requirements for multi engine turbine fixed-wing and powered-lift aircraft requirements are:
PIC - ATP and applicable type rating
SIC - Commercial pilot and instrument rating

Question 4

What are the requirements for weather and storm detection equipment? (FAR 135.173 & 135.175)

Answer 4

If your airplane has a passenger seating configuration of 10 seats or more, then you are required to have either:

1. Approved thunderstorm detection equipment (such as a storm scope), or
2. Approved airborne weather radar equipment

The equipment has to be working. If it becomes inoperative, you must follow the procedures in your FAA approved company manual

Question 5

Weather radar equipment (as opposed to thunderstorm detection equipment) is required for which of the following operations? (FAR 135.173 & 135.175)

Answer 5

Large, transport category aircraft in passenger-carrying operations

Question 6

Pilots must use oxygen (135.89)

Answer 6

10,000 to 12,000 feet for more than 30 minutes. Above 12,000 feet at all times (unpressurized). Above 25,000 feet if one pilot leaves the flight deck the other pilot shall wear and use an oxygen mask, (unless quick-donning type). Above 35,000 feet one pilot shall wear and use an oxygen mask (pressurized).

Question 7

What are the requirements for installed aircraft oxygen systems?

Answer 7

1. A means for the pilot(s) to determine the quantity available in each source
2. The ability for the pilot(s) to determine that oxygen is being delivered
3. The ability for the pilots to use undiluted oxygen, at their discretion, above 25,000 feet MSL

Question 8

Passenger use of oxygen (135.157)

Answer 8

10,000 to 15,000 feet oxygen must be supplied to 10% of the passengers for flights more than 30 minutes. Above 15,000 feet each occupant must be supplied with oxygen (unpressurized). Above 25,000 feet a 10 minute supply of oxygen to each occupant for use during emergency descent. (pressurized)

Question 9

If a pressurized aircraft operates at altitude were the cabin altitude exceeds 10,000 feet

Answer 9

You must meet the same requirements as an unpressurized aircraft, plus other altitude-specific requirements

For flights in pressurized aircraft where the cabin altitude exceeds 10,000 feet, you must meet the same requirements as an unpressurized aircraft. Plus there are requirements for oxygen available for flights above 10,000 feet MSL up to 15,000 feet MSL and additional requirements for flights above 15,000 feet MSL

Question 10

For Part 135 operations fire extinguishers must be located?

Answer 10

1. On the flight deck for use by the flight crew
2. In the passenger compartment of aircraft with 10-30 seats

Question 11

Your emergency training must include individual instruction on all of the following

Answer 11

1. Location of fire extinguishers in your aircraft
2. Types of fire extinguishers available
3. Classes of fires your extinguisher can be used on

Question 12

Which of the following is required for VFR night operations carrying passengers? (135.159, 135.161)

Answer 12

The same instruments required for VFR over the top operations plus an anti-collision light system and instrument lights so the pilot can see all switches and gauges

Question 13

Turbojet airplanes with 10 or more passenger seats or multi engine airplanes in commuter operations under part 119 flying IFR require _ independent communication system(s) and at least _ must be capable of two-way voice communications

Answer 13

2 independent communication systems
1 must be cable of two way voice communications

Question 14

For extended overwater and desolate area operations, in addition to normal IFR communications requirements the airplane (with some exceptions) must be equipped with _ long range communications system(s), _ of which must be capable of two way voice communications. (135.165)

Answer 14

2
1

Question 15

Use of a single, independent navigation system (for example, GPS) is permissible for IFR navigation if (135.165)

Answer 15

There is another type of system capable of IFR navigation (for example, VOR/ILS)

Use of a single IFR navigation system of particular type is permitted as long as there is second type of IFR navigation system that, using the secondary system, to a suitable airport and complete an instrument approach. The aircraft must have sufficient fuel for this potential diversion

Question 16

When using VOR equipment to meet IFR navigation requirements, the aircraft must also be equipped with (135.165)

Answer 16

One DME receiver or one suitable RNAV system

When using VOR equipment or to meet IFR navigation requirements, the aircraft must have either one DME receiver OR one suitable RNAV system (such as GPS)

Question 17

For extended overwater operations, in addition to normal IFR navigation systems requirements, the airplane (with some exceptions) must be equipped with _ long range navigation system(s) suitable for the route to be flown to the degree of accuracy specified by air traffic service.

Answer 17

2

In some cases the FAA may allow the use of a single long range navigation system, depending on the route being flown

Question 18

Required navigation equipment for IFR also includes (135.165)

Answer 18

1. One ILS receiver
2. One marker beacon receiver with visual and aural indications

This applies even if the aircraft is certificated for GPS WAAS approaches

Question 19

For aircraft used in part 135 extended overwater operations each occupant must be provided a life preserver and the life raft(s) must be able to hold _ percent of the occupants (135.167)

Answer 19

100

The life preserver must have an approved survivor locator light and the life raft(s) must be able to hold all of the occupants

Question 20

At least one life raft must have (135.167)

Answer 20

A locator beacon

At least one life raft must have an emergency locator beacon. All life rafts must have a survivor locator light (and must also have an approved pyrotechnic signaling device and a survival kit appropriate to the route). There is no requirement for any of the lift rafts to have a GPS.

Question 21

For Part 135 North polar region operations (North of 78 N latitude) with passengers the Ops Specs need to include the following? (135.167)

Answer 21

-Designated suitable diversion airports
-A passenger recovery plan at those airports (except for all cargo operations)
-A fuel freeze strategy and procedures
-A communications plan
-An MEL that covers operations in the North polar region
-A specific training plan for cold weather operations
-A plan to mitigate aircrew exposure to solar flare radiation, and
-A plan for providing two cold weather anti exposure suits for aircrew ground operations at a diversion airport

Question 22

Aircraft with more than 19 passenger seats in part 135 operations are required to have (135.177)

Answer 22

An approved first aid kit for injuries likely to occur

A crash axe accessible to the crew

Signs indicating when smoking is not permitted and seatbelts are to be worn

Question 23

Induction icing

Answer 23

-limits thrust
-Increases fuel consumption
-Can damage compressor sections

Question 24

Structural icing can reduce lift by _% and increase drag by _%

Answer 24

30
40

Question 25

Which type(s) of fog require(s) a wind on order to form

Answer 25

Both advection fog and upslope fog require a wind in order to form Advection fog forms when warm, moist air moves over a colder surface. Upslope fog forms when moist, stable air is pushed up rising terrain. On the the other hand, radiation fog forms on clear, still nights with little to no wind.

Question 26

Airports with low visibility taxi plans are required to have additional taxi guidance and lighting such as

Answer 26

Taxiway edge and centerline lights Runway guard lights Stop bar lights Airports having takeoff or landing operations in less than 1200 feet runway visual range (RVR) visibility are required to have low visibility taxi plans.

Question 27

If you find yourself accidentally penetrating a thunderstorm you should

Answer 27

-Set power for recommended turbulence penetration speeds -Hand fly or disengage the altitude and airspeed hold modes -Accept variations in altitude and smoothly maintain constant altitudes

Question 28

If you experience turbulence that causes slight, rapid and somewhat rhythmic bumpiness without appreciable changes in altitude or attitude more than 2/3 of the time while encountering it, then you would report this as

Answer 28

Continuous light chop -Occasional is less than 1/3 -Intermittent is 1/3 -Continuous is anything more than 2/3

Question 29

Wind shear is dangerous for all aircraft but of greater concern to _ and _ aircraft

Answer 29

Larger, turbojet

Question 30

In the winter, the jet stream tends to be

Answer 30

stronger, lower, and nearer the equator In the winter the jet stream intensifies, lowers and shifts towards the equator

Question 31

The U.S high level significant weather prognostic chart provides forecast information on jet streams, turbulence and thunderstorm activity for flights between

Answer 31

24,000 and 60,000 feet

Question 32

Air traffic control will provide weather information from their radar displays

Answer 32

On a work load permitting basis after ensuring required traffic separation

Question 33

True or false. ATC relies primarily on NEXRAD images to provide weather information and that data can be up to 5 minutes old

Answer 33

True ATC's primary source of radar weather information is NEXRAD, although some controllers may be able to select a raw data display as a secondary mode

Question 34

Load manifest requirements (135,63(c))

Answer 34

For multi engine aircraft the manifest must include number of passengers, takeoff weight, maximum allowable takeoff weight for that flight (performance, maximum landing weight considered), center of gravity limits (for takeoff and landing), center of gravity (at takeoff and landing), registration number, origin and destination, names of crew members. manifest must be on board the aircraft and copies kept at the base for 30 days.

Question 35

If you have to land with accumulated ice, follow aircraft flight manual and company procedures and

Answer 35

-Use a higher approach speed, and -Consider reduced or no flaps in order to avoid a tailplane stall

Question 36

When flying at lower altitudes in mountainous regions with known down drafts in the area you should

Answer 36

-Be aware of the direction of the wind -Avoid the lee (downwind) side of ridgelines -Leave yourself turning room to get away from the ridgeline

Question 37

Microbursts are usually associated with

Answer 37

-Frontal areas -Thunderstorms

Question 38

Microbursts are short-lived, lasting _ to _ minutes, and very localized in nature with a diameter of about _ miles

Answer 38

2 to 5 minutes 2 miles

Question 39

If you encounter a microburst at low altitude you should

Answer 39

Immediately initiate full power and increase angle of attack to best climb (leave plane in same configuration that you entered the microburst in)

Question 40

If for any reason you are unable to maintain your assigned altitude, or are unsure of your ability to do so, you should

Answer 40

-Notify ATC and request assistance -Watch for conflicting traffic and use TCAS if available -Turn on all exterior lights to alert any nearby aircraft that can see you

Question 41

Extended overwater operations

Answer 41

A horizontal distance of more than 50 miles from the shoreline

Question 42

Emergency equipment, extended overwater operations (135.167)

Answer 42

Each passenger must have an approved life vest. Approved life rafts with enough capacity for the occupants of the aircraft

Question 43

Autopilot use minimum altitudes (135.93)

Answer 43

While enroute no less than 500 AGL or no less than twice the maximum altitude loss whichever is greater. On approach no less than 50 below the minimum descent altitude or less than twice the maximum altitude loss in approach mode whichever is greater.

Question 44

Second in command required (135.101)

Answer 44

Two pilots are required for flight carrying passengers under instrument flight rules

Question 45

Autopilot in lieu of second in command (135.105)

Answer 45

Under VFR with less than 10 passenger seats a pilot with at least 100 hours as pilot in command in the make and model may be approved to use a 3 axis autopilot in lieu of a second in command

Question 46

Passenger briefing (135.117)

Answer 46

Smoking, use of seatbelts, placement of seat backs, location and operation of emergency exists, location of survival equipment , ditching procedures and use of floatation equipment, location and use of fire extinguishers, briefing cards

Question 47

Alcoholic beverages (135.121)

Answer 47

No operator may serve an intoxicated person. No operator may not allow an intoxicated person to board the aircraft. The operator must serve any drinks consumed on the aircraft.

Question 48

Cockpit Voice Recorders (135.151)

Answer 48

CVR's are required on multi engine, turbine or rotorcraft with 6 or more passenger seats requiring 2 pilots and operated from the beginning of the first checklist to the end of the last checklist

Question 49

Ground Proximity Warning system (135.153)

Answer 49

GPWS are required on turbine powered aircraft with 10 or more passenger seats

Question 50

Fire extinguishers (135.155)

Answer 50

One hand fire extinguisher must be available in the flight deck and one available in the passenger compartment

Question 51

Instruments required for VFR night (135.159)

Answer 51

Rate of turn, slip/skid, attitude indicator, heading indicator, generator, flashlight with 2 D cells, adequate instrument lighting

Question 52

Instruments required for IFR flight (135.163)

Answer 52

Vertical speed indicator, OAT gauge, heated pitot, vacuum/power failure warning indicator for gyros, alternate static source

Question 53

Inoperable Instruments and equipment (135.179)

Answer 53

An approved Minimum equipment list is required to operate an aircraft with inoperable Instruments or equipment

Question 54

Traffic Alert & Collision avoidance system (135.180)

Answer 54

TCAS is required on turbine powered aircraft with 10 or more passenger seats

Question 55

Performance required for IFR or over the top conditions (135.181)

Answer 55

Multi Engine aircraft must be able to climb 50 fpm above 5000 feet MSL with the critical engine inoperative or descent under VFR. Single engine aircraft must be able to descend under VFR if the engine fails

Question 56

Land aircraft over water (135.183)

Answer 56

Single engine aircraft must be able to reach land if the engine fails, multi engine aircraft must be able to climb 50 fpm at 1000 MSL with critical engine inoperative

Question 57

Empty weight and center of gravity (135.185)

Answer 57

Multi engine aircraft must be weighed every 36 calendar months

Question 58

VFR minimum altitudes (135.203)

Answer 58

Daytime no less than 500 feet above the surface and 500 feet horizontal distance from any obstacle. At night no less than 1000 feet above the highest obstacle within 5 miles. Designated mountainous terrain 2000 feet above the highest obstacle within 5 miles

Question 59

VFR visibility requirements (135.205)

Answer 59

Uncontrolled airspace minimum ceiling is 1000 feet and visibility is 2 statute miles

Question 60

IFR takeoff limitations (135.219)

Answer 60

If the weather is above takeoff minimums but below landing minimums, an alternate airport is required within 1 hour flight time in still air

Question 61

Civil airport takeoff minimums (91.175)

Answer 61

1 statue miles visibility for 1 or 2 engine aircraft, 1/2 statute miles visibility for 3 or more engine aircraft

Question 62

Lower takeoff minimums (when authorized)

Answer 62

1600 TDZRVR or 14 mile visibility: HIRL, CL, RCLM or adequate visual reference. Mid RVR may be substituted if TDZRVRV not available 1200 TDRVR and 1000 RORVR with: operative CL. Mid RVR may substitute for TDZRVR or RORVR 500 TDZRVR, 500 MDRVR, and 500 RORVR with: CL and RCLM. Any one RVR report may be missing if remaining two are above minimums. 2 pilots are required with 2 independent sets of flight Instruments. The PIC must have at least 100 hours as PIC in make and model, the SIC must have 100 hours in make and model. Both pilots must have completed the company's approved training program for these takeoffs.

Question 63

Alternate airport weather minimums (135.221)

Answer 63

To use an airport as an alternate the weather must be forecast to be at or above the authorized alternate airport minimums at the estimated time of arrival (at the alternate)

Question 64

Alternate airport requirements (135.223)

Answer 64

1-2-3 rule for destination airport -1 hour before and one hour after the estimated time of arrival -2000 foot ceiling or 1500 above circling MDA or lowest MDA (no circling authorized) whichever is higher -3 miles visibility or 2 miles more than than the minimum visibility for the approach to be used whichever is greater

Question 65

IFR takeoff approach and landing minimums (135.225)

Answer 65

A pilot may not begin an instrument approach unless the weather is reported at or above the landing minimums. If the weather goes below landing minimum inside the FAF or established procedure turn inbound on approaches without a FAF, the approach may be continued. Pilots of turbine powered aircraft without 100 house PIC in type will increase landing minimums by 100 feet and 1/2 mile.

Question 66

VFR fuel supply (135.209)

Answer 66

Day: Destination plus 30 minutes Night: destination plus 45 minutes

Question 67

Flight time limitations unscheduled one and two Crew operations (135.267)

Answer 67

500 hours in a calendar quarter, 800 hours in 2 consecutive quarters, 1400 hours in a calendar year. Maximum of 8 hours for single pilots, 10 hours for 2 crews within a 14 hour assigned duty period during 24 consecutive hours followed by 10 hours consecutive rest. If the flight time is exceeded: -30 minutes 11 hours rest -30 to 60 12 hours rest -60 or more 16 hours rest Positioning flight to a 135 flight counts as flight and duty time. Positioning flight after a 135 flight counts as duty time but not as flight time (daily limitations). 13 rest periods of at least 24 hours are required in a calendar quarter.