Regulation of Energy Intake and Body Weight Reduction Flashcards
(18 cards)
What are some facts that support the idea that people adapt to overeating?
People gain less weight than anticipated by over-consumption
What is thought to be the main mechanism by which people adapt to positive energy balance?
Activity
Catabolic pathways ___________ hunger.
inhibit
The __________ nucleus in the hypothalamus mediates hunger.
lateral
The ____________ nucleus in the hypothalamus mediates satiety.
ventromedial
Areas of the insula typically increase in obesity-prone individuals after they have __________, compared to obesity-resistant people.
eaten
What two hormones act on the lateral hypothalamus?
Orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone
Neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP) both promote ___________.
feeding; NPY stimulates the NPYR nucleus that increases hunger and AgRP inhibits the MCR nucleus that mediates satiety
Which hormones promote satiety?
Alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone (aMSH) and cocaine and amphetamine-related transcript (CART)
(“I feel like I’ve eaten a CART of MaSHed potatoes!”)
The anabolic pathways also __________ energy expenditure.
decrease
Ghrelin is secreted by the ____________.
stomach
Hyperglycemia __________ the VMN.
stimulates (because the VMN is the satiety-inducing center)
Hyperglycemia ___________ the LN.
inhibits (because the LN is the hunger center)
Lipectomy does what to appetite?
It increases it.
Leptin __________ appetite.
decreases
How does leptin work?
It inhibits the NPY/AgRP nuclei and stimulates the aMSH/CART pathway.
How does insulin affect the hypothalamus?
It works in the same way as leptin.
PYY and GLP oppose the action of _________.
ghrelin
