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AVS 222 > Regulation of Reproduction > Flashcards

Regulation of Reproduction Flashcards

(58 cards)

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1
Q

endocrine gland

A

any gland responsible for the secretion of hormones directly

into the blood stream

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2
Q

hormone

A

chemical messenger produced by a ductless gland or tissue and
carried in the blood to a target organ where it effects a change in cellular activity

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3
Q

target tissue

A

tissue upon which a hormone acts

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4
Q

receptors

A

where hormones bind to (at the tissue or target cells)Specific
binding site for hormone within a target tissue (two types)

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5
Q

two types of receptors

A

1) plasma membrane receptor

2) nuclear receptor

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6
Q

nervous system job

A

translation of external stimuli into neural/chemical signals

which affects activities of reproductive organs and tissues

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7
Q

simple neural reflex

A

efferent neurons send signal via neurotransmitters to target tissue

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8
Q

neuroendocrine reflex

A

neurohormones secreted by nerve cells into circulation (blood) where
they travel to target tissue

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9
Q

types of hormones

A 
neurohormone
proteins
peptides
glycoproteins
steroids
fatty acids
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10
Q

neurohormone

A

hormone secreted by nerve cells directly into

blood OR has an effect on adjacent cell

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11
Q

protein hormone

A
  1. Made of long chain of amino acid
  2. Water soluble
  3. Not orally active (not affective if administered orally)
  4. i.e prolactin, relaxin, lacental lactogen, ACTH
  5. Receptors located on PLASMA MEMBRANE
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12
Q

peptide hormone

A
  1. Few to several amino acids in length
  2. i.e. GnRH, oxytocin
  3. Receptors located on PLASMA MEMBRANE
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13
Q

glycoprotein hormone

A
  1. Proteins with sugar molecules added (glycosylated)
    to increase half-life
  2. Composed of an alpha and a beta subunit
  3. i.e FSH, LH, inhibin, hCG, eCG
  4. Receptors located on PLASMA MEMBRANE
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14
Q

steroid hormone

A
  1. Made from cholesterol
  2. Water insoluble, attach to proteins in blood
  3. Are orally active
  4. All have 4-carbon ring structure
  5. i.e. Androgens, Estrogens, Progesterone
  6. Receptors located in NUCLEUS (and PLASMA MEMBRANE = slow
    response)
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15
Q

fatty acid hormone

A
  1. Prostaglandins (PGF2a, PGE2)

2. Receptors located on PLASMA MEMBRANE

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16
Q

hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system

A

the hypothalamus releases hormones that acts upon the pituitary gland via a blood portal system
known as the

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17
Q

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

A 
a. Causes LH/FSH release from ANTERIOR
PITUITARY
b. 10 amino acids long (synthetic forms
available)
c. Active in very small amounts
d. Uses in reproduction:
(1) Treatment of cystic follicles
(2) Out-of-season breeding (estrous synchronization)
(3) Contraception
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18
Q

hypothalamic hormone

A

controls the pituitary

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19
Q

anterior pituitary

A

composed of epithelial tissue

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20
Q

posterior pituitary

A

composed of neural tissue

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21
Q

anterior pituitary hormones

A

LH
FSH
Prolactin
ACTH

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22
Q

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

A

a. Ovulation
b. Corpus luteum formation & function
c. Testosterone production
* Receptors located on theca cells, luteal cells, Leydig cells

targets- gonads, follicles, Leydig cells

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23
Q

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

A

a. Follicle growth
b. Estrogen release
c. Spermiogenesis
* Receptors located on granulosa cells, Sertoli cells

targets- gonads, follicles

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24
Q

Prolactin

Study These Flashcards
A

a. Protein synthesis by mammary gland, control CL function in some
Milk synthesis
*Receptors on mammary cells, luteal cells (in rats/cats), gonads

25
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
a. Glucocorticoid release from the adrenal gland at parturition or stress situation
26
posterior pituitary hormones
* Site of hormone release, NOT synthesis * Has neural connections to hypothalamus oxytocin ADH
27
oxytocin
a. Milk letdown b. Uterine contractions, parturition & sperm transport c. Prostaglandin synthesis targets- endo/myometrium, mammary glands
28
Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)
a. regulate blood pressure
29
steroid hormones
estrogens progestins androgens glucocorticoids
30
estrogens are located
granulosa cells and placenta
31
estrogens
estradiol (E2) 1. Estrus/heat: sexual behavior 2. Mammary alveolar growth & development 3. Secondary sex characteristics 4. Uterine motility 5. Control of GnRH secretion targets- hypothalamus, reproductive tract, mammary gland
32
progestins are located
corpus luteum and placenta
33
progestins
progesterone (P4) 1. Inhibit estrus 2. Maintain pregnancy/ increase uterine gland secretions (hystotrophe) 3. Mammary alveolar and ductal growth 4. Control GnRH and LH secretion targets- hypothalamus, reproductive tract, mammary gland
34
androgens are located
leydig cells and theca cells
35
androgens
testosterone (T) 1. Male behavior 2. Spermatogenesis 3. Promotes accessory sex gland secretions 4. Controls GnrH and LH secretion targets- hypothalamus, seminiferous tubules, accessory sex glands
36
glucocorticoids are located
adrenal cortex
37
glucocorticoids
cortisol 1. Parturition 2. Milk synthesis
38
prostaglandins in males
1. Parturition | 2. Milk synthesis
39
prostaglandins in females
1. Secreted by endometrium 2. Control estrus 3. Induce luteolysis (determines life of corpus luteum) 4. Plays role in maternal recognition
40
inhibin
a. Inhibits FSH release | b. SOURCE: Dominant follicles, Sertoli cells
41
relaxin
a. SOURCE: Corpus luteum, placenta b. Important in parturition i. Pelvic expansion ii. Cervical dilation
42
plasma membrane receptors mode of action
2nd messenger system
43
plasma membrane receptors pathway
Peptides/proteins --->bind cell membrane receptor → activate adenyl cyclase → [ATP → cAMP] → cAMP → ↑protein kinase A (enzyme) → protein phosphorylation → protein synthesis
44
nuclear receptors include
cytosolic receptors, intracellular receptors The receptors are inside of the cell either in the cytoplasm or in the nucleus
45
nuclear receptors mode of action
involves nucleus directly
46
nuclear receptors pathway
steroids → bind to cytoplasmic receptors → translocate to nucleus → bind to chromatin (DNA) → initiate gene transcription → RNA synthesis → protein synthesis
47
hormone characteristics
1) short half lives 2) released in small amounts 3) must bind to specific receptors to cause an action (lock and key mechanism)
48
hypothalamus secretion
usually peptides that regulate release of hormones from the pituitary
49
what is GnRH
peptide
50
what are the "kissing sisters"
LH and FSH
51
what are the functions of anterior pituitary hormones
proteins and glycoproteins that regulate functions in testis and ovaries
52
ovary and testis function
secretion of steroids to regulate - GnRH and gonadotropin - uterine and accessory gland function - sex characteristics and bone metabolism
53
if you increase granulosa cells, what will happen?
an increase in estradiol
54
why do you have to produce testosterone for mammary gland development?
you have to go through testosterone before you get to estradiol
55
prostaglandin F2-alpha
targets- hypothalamus, seminiferous tubules, accessory sex glands
56
hormone receptors
hormone travels through blood and thus all body cells are exposed to it
57
hormones in nuclear receptors
``` GnRH LH FSH Prolactin ACTH ```
58
hormones in plasma membrane receptors
Oxytocin ADH Prostaglandin

AVS 222 (5 decks)

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