REL 110 Test #2 study guide – Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Spring 2025 Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
Halakha- Jewish law from Oral and Written Torah; developed over time
A
“the way to behave”
2
Q
Spanish Inquisition (1492)- Christians reclaim Spain from the Muslims. Jews
A
Muslims
3
Q
Mizrahi- Jews of Middle Eastern descent
A
4
Q
Sephardic- Jews of Spanish or Portuguese descent
A
5
Q
Ashkenazi- Jews of Eastern European descent
A
6
Q
Kosher- Jewish dietary laws
A
7
Q
Shema- central declaration of faith in one god
A
8
Q
Holocaust/Shoah
A
9
Q
Auschwitz
A
10
Q
MS St. Louis- A Ship carrying Jewish refugees was turned away from multiple countries.
A
11
Q
The Law of Return- Israeli law granting Jews the right to immigrate to Israel and gain citizenship
A
12
Q
Nakba- the Palestinian exodus of 1948
A
13
Q
Zionism (Jewish and Christian)- Movement for the establishment and support of a Jewish state in Palestine
A
14
Q
Maccabean revolt- Jewish uprising against the Seleucid Empire in 167-160 BCE
A
culminating in the recapture and rededication of the Jerusalem Temple in 164 BCE
15
Q
Convivencia- A period of coexistence between Jews
A
Christians
16
Q
Pharisees- the only ones to survive
A
because of their willingness to accommodate to Roman rule/Greek culture. Adapted to Hellenistic norms
17
Q
Sadducees- the priestly party of legal and theological conservatives
A
friendly to Roman rule. Suspicious of the accommodation efforts of Judaism to Greek culture
18
Q
Essenes- the monastic communities apart from the Jerusalem Temple and Roman society. Rejected authority of Sadducees and Rome
A
classic secturians (celibacy
19
Q
Zealots- the political revolutionaries who believed people should be governed by god only. Sacred duty to overthrow Rome forcibly and hold a popular rebellion in ‘66; many died during the destruction of the Second Temple
A
committed group suicide after Romans breached their barriers in Masada in ‘74.
20
Q
Liberation theology- A Christian theological perspective emphasizing concern for the oppressed and marginalized.
A
21
Q
Original Sin- Christian doctrine about the state of humanity after the fall.
A
22
Q
Justification- Christian doctrine about how humans are made righteous in the eyes of God.
A
23
Q
Council of Nicaea (325 CE)- First Council of Nicaea
A
Jesus is divine
24
Q
Council of Ephesus (431)- Mary was human and gave birth to the divine Jesus; she bore God
A
25
Council of Chalcedon (451)- Jesus is two natures united in one. Excluded representatives from some Eastern sites. Some disagreed with the decision
saying Jesus has one nature (Both human and divine)
26
Synoptic gospels- Matthew
Mark
27
Canonical gospels- “Gospel” literature = the good news
all about Jesus
28
The five major episcopal areas/patriarchates- Rome
Constantinople (Turkey)
29
Deists (16th century England)- believed that reason alone is all needed to understand God
rejected the Trinity; Jesus was not divine
30
Unitarians (16th century Germany)- Rejected the Trinity; Jesus not divine; God = one single being
reject Original Sin
31
Mormons- members of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints
founded by Joseph Smith Jr and headquartered in Salt Lake City
32
Social Gospel- A liberal Protestant movement that saw sin and salvation as social and worked to address structural injustices (applied Christian ethics to social problems).
33
Fundamentalism- modern Protestants who reject biblical criticism and evolutionary theory and interpret the bible literally
opposed to modernity (yet use modern technology). 5 fundamentals (biblical infallibility
34
“Monkey Trial”- The 1925 Scopes Trial that debated the teaching of evolution in schools
35
Transcendentalism- a 19th-century philosophical and literary movement that emphasized individualism
self-reliance
36
Transubstantiation- Catholic doctrine about the bread and wine becoming the body and blood of Jesus.
37
Evangelicalism- not a denomination but a Protestant style that cuts across denominations. Conversion experience (conversionism)
divine inspiration of the Bible (biblicism)
38
The Great Awakening (18th century)- paved the way for the American Revolution
Jonathan Edwards
39
The Second Great Awakening (19th century)- revivals seen as “not-so-surprising works of humans”
Arminianism granted sinners the free will to determine destinies (through acceptance/rejection of the grace of Jesus
40
Great Schism (1054)- first great schism: oriental orthodoxy carved off from the rest of Christendom (451). Second major schism: split Christianity into the Eastern Orthodoxy (Greek) and Roman Catholicism (Latin West) after the 787 Ecumenical Council began and failed at the councils in Lyons (1274) and Florence (1439)
41
Pentecostals- conservative Protestants who affirm both the baptism of the Holy Spirit as a second experience of grace (after conversion) and the gifts that come with that experience
including speaking in tongues (the most successful Christian movement of the 20th century).
42
Sacraments- rituals that change your being
43
Qur’an- Arabic words of God brought into the world through the prophet Muhammad; a book of 114 chapters
its teachings include the unity of God
44
Hadith- Islamic scripture
second in authority to the Quran
45
Sunnah- authoritative customs and a key source of Islamic law
rooted in the Quran and hadith
46
“rightly guided caliphs”- Abu Bakr
Umar
47
Mecca- Saudi Arabian city
the sacred center of the Muslim world
48
Medina- Islam’s second-holiest city
the place where Muhammad and his followers migrated in 622 and established their community and calendar
49
Hijra- migration of Muhammad and his followers from Mecca to Medina
50
Tafsir- interpretation/explanations of the Quran
51
Jihad- “struggle”
external struggle against enemies of Islam and internal struggle to submit to the divine
52
Ka‘ba- cubic House of God in Mecca toward which observant Muslims pray every day and around which pilgrims walk during the hajj
typically covered in an ornate black cloth
53
People of the Book- Muslim reference to Jewish people and Christians
54
Iberian Peninsula- the region in southwestern Europe that was home to significant Jewish and Muslim communities during the Middle Ages
known for its cultural exchanges.
55
Church of the Holy Sepulcher- believed to be the site of both Jesus' crucifixion and tomb.
56
Our Lady of Guadalupe- a depiction of the Virgin Mary
and a prominent religious figure in Roman Catholicism
57
Garden Tomb- Jesus' tomb is said to be located here
58
The Syllabus of Errors (1804)- A document issued by Pope Pius IX in 1864 condemning various modern ideas
theology over philosophy
59
Jahiliyya- pre-Islamic Meccan community
“Age of Ignorance
60
Wahhabism- antimodern theology emphasising God’s unity and strictly opposing shirk
now the official theology of Saudi Arabia and the guiding ideology of many radical Islamist groups
61
Salafism- members of a Sunni movement calling Muslims back to the allegedly pure Islam of their “pious forebearers
” Salafis reject Islam’s legal schools along with Shiism and Sufism as illicit “innovations.”
62
Nation of Islam- a religious and political movement drawing on Black separatism and Islam
established in 1930 in Detroit and later popularized by Malcolm X and Muhammad Ali
63
Operation Ajax- the U.S. installs a coup to overthrow the democratically elected Prime Minister of Iran
Mohammad Mosaddegh
64
Operation Cyclone- CIA program from 1979-1989 that provided financial and military support to the mujahideen
fighting the Soviet Union during the Soviet-Afghan War
65
66
67
Key Figures/Beings
68
Maimonides- philosopher
“Rambam
69
Regina Jonas- the first female reform rabbi in 1935 in Germany
70
Sally Priesand- the first American female reform rabbi in 1972 in Cincinnati
71
Judith Plaskow- an American theologian
author
72
Ruth Bader Ginsburg- Supreme Court Justice and a powerful advocate for women's rights and equality
73
Elie Wiesel- a holocaust survivor
wrote “Night.”
74
Gustavo Gutierrez- The "father of liberation theology
” a Peruvian Dominican priest. He’s known for "A Theology of Liberation" (1971)
75
James Crone- “the angriest theologian in America.” Known as the founder of Black Liberation Theology.
76
Mary Daly- an American radical feminist philosopher and theologian.
77
Desmond Tutu- South African Anglican bishop and theologian
known for his work as an anti-apartheid and human rights activist.
78
Muhammad- founder
lawmaker
79
Khadija- the first wife and supporter of Muhammad
80
Ali- son-in-law of Muhammad and the person who
according to the Shia
81
Rabia al-Adawiyya (aka Rabia of Basra)- a poet
one of the earliest Sufi mystics
82
Hussain- an early Shia figure martyred in 680 on the Karbala battlefield and remembered especially on Ashura
the day of mourning
83
Saladin- the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty. Hailing from a Kurdish family
he was the first sultan of both Egypt and Syria.
84
Ayuba Suleiman Diallo- a Fulani Muslim prince from West Africa who was kidnapped and trafficked to the Americas during the Atlantic slave trade.
85
Andalus/Andalusia- was the Muslim-ruled area of the Iberian Peninsula.
86
Akbar- Mughal emperor
87
Rumi- a 13th-century Persian poet
jurist
88
Muhammad Ali- social activist
initially associated with the Nation of Islam
89
Malcolm X- A spokesman for the Nation of Islam until 1964
a vocal advocate for Black empowerment and the promotion of Islam within the African American community
90
91
92
Dates:
93
1948- Creation of Israel
94
1517- Spanish Inquisition
95
1519- Convivencia
96
1863- Establishment of the Nation of Islam
97
Concept
98
Judaism
99
Christianity
100
Islam
101
Origin Story
102
Abraham
Moses
103
Jesus Christ
104
Muhammad
105
Sacred Texts
106
Torah
107
Bible (Old and New Testament)
108
Qur’an
109
Major Holidays
110
Passover
Yom Kippur
111
Christmas
Easter
112
Ramadan
Eid al-Fitr
113
Ritual Practices
114
Shabbat
Kosher laws
115
Sacraments
Baptism
116
Five Pillars of Islam
117
Diversity
118
Ashkenazi
Sephardic
119
Catholic
Protestant
120
Sunni
Shia
121
122
123
Four-part model
124
Judaism
125
Christianity
126
Islam
127
Problem
128
Exile
129
Sin
130
Pride
131
Solution
132
Return
133
Salvation
134
Submission
135
Technique
136
Ritual sacrifice or narrative
and law
137
Faith (alone
for Protestants)
138
Daily prayer
fasting
139
Exemplars
140
Priests
prophets
141
Saints (for Roman Catholics)
or knights of faith (for Protestants)
142
Muhammad
Imams (Shia)
143
144
145
Questions:
146
1. For each of the three religions
know the story of origin (including any known founders and their roles)
147
2. For each religion
also
148
3. How were Jews treated under the following rules: Babylonians
Romans
149
4. Describe life for Jewish people before the Holocaust. Know at least 4 major incidents that took place before the Holocaust anywhere in Europe (i.e.
what were 4 of the antisemitic violent events that led up to the holocaust?).
150
5. How and when did Judaism arrive in the United States? How is Judaism practiced in the U.S.?
151
6. What were the covenants that God made in the Hebrew Bible with each of the following figures: Noah
Abraham
152
7. Someone tells you they don’t understand what’s happening in Palestine-Israel
and they know you were discussing it in class recently. Give them a quick overview of the main issues at hand
153
8. What are some (3-4) common myths/claims/misconceptions that the Ateek ch. You read correctly or respond to?
154
9. According to Ateek
why did Palestinians/Arabs reject the plans for partition and the shares they were getting in the creation of Israel? Why did the Zionists reject the plans that were proposed in response to Arab rejection of some plans?
155
10. In the Ateek reading
what happened to the Palestinians who remained in what became Israel? What (4-5) significant changes were made in Israel between 1948-19588?
156
11. What is the intifada
and how and when did it begin?
157
12. Discuss the emergence of Christianity out of Judaism (the break between the two). When and how did this split happen?
158
13. Describe the issue of religious authority in Christianity. What are some ranks and roles? Who can play what role(s)? What has women’s religious authority been like?
159
14. What are some (3-4) examples of issues the early Christian churches disagreed on?
160
15. Be able to discuss the different Councils that took place in Christianity and how that history helps explain the evolution of Christian theology. In other words
be able to convince someone that Christian theology took several centuries to develop.
161
16. Why did the Protestant Reformation happen? When? What was its impact? How did the Catholics and other non-supporters respond?
162
17. What is Pentecostalism? Why is it so popular/growing so widely around the world?
163
18. What are the three theologies of liberation that the book talks about? Who are some key figures involved in each one? What groups does each center on? Why are these theologies important?
164
19. Discuss at least 3 main takeaways from our canonization activity. What was the point of the activity
and what did you learn about canonization?
165
20. The textbook discusses the many changes that Christianity in the United States went through in the 1800s and the ways that different Christian groups handled/responded to religious diversity. Mormonism was one of these responses. Discuss the origins of Mormonism
some of the challenges it’s faced since its founding
166
21. What are fiqh and sharia? What’s the relationship between them? How do the two rely on each other?
167
22. Discuss 4-5 significant differences between Shia and Sunni Islam. Explain why these differences matter/why they’re significant.
168
23. Discuss the origins of the Nation of Islam. When
how
169
24. How are all 5 pillars of Islam practiced/understood differently by Shias and Sunnis?
170
25. Know the sources of Islam / sharia
also known as "roots of sharia."
171
26. Identify at least two Sunni legal schools (legal schools = school of thought)
and at least two Shia ones.
172
27. Be able to discuss diversity within Islam. Don’t limit yourself to just branches/sects.
173
28. Discuss Sufism – what is it? What are 3-5 significant
identifying characteristics of it?
174
29. Someone tells you they're going to a "ban the sharia!" protest. They insist the sharia is un-American but has been creeping into American culture and is polluting American values. Given what you know about Islam
sharia
175
30. What does the Iranian Revolution have to do with Islam? Why
if at all
