relational influences Flashcards
(46 cards)
define scientific method
a systematic approach to planning and conducting research to provide empirical evidence for conclusions reached.
steps in scientific method
identify research issue develop exact question or hypothesis choose research design and method collect data organize and analyze data interpret findings record findings
define non-experimental methods
-researchers do not manipulate variables but rather observe and describe all variables in the world around them and note their relationship
allow researdchers to see correlation between variables but cannot determine causdation.
eg: case study, correlational studies, interviews, surveys, archival research
single blind procedure and double blind procedure
The Single-Blind research method is a specific research procedure in which the researchers (and those involved in the study) do not tell the participants if they are being given a test treatment or a control treatment. (participants dont know)
A double-blind study (no one knows) is one in which neither the participants nor the experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment. This procedure is utilized to prevent bias in research results. Double-blind studies are particularly useful for preventing bias due to demand characteristics or the placebo effect.
define hawthorne effect and how to prevent it
the hawthorne effect refers to the alteration of behaviour by the subjects of a study due to their awareness of being observed. It can also refer to a placebo
advantages of non experimental research methods
- allow for greater quantities of information to be observed
- allows for rekationships to be observed between two or more variables
- good for if a researcher may not want to interfere
define experimental research
in an experimental method researchers test whether changes to one variable have an effect on another variable. eg; hours of sleep on a memory task
disadvantages of qualitative data collection
- results may be sujective, harder to interpret or dishonest
- harder to measure
what is validity
validity refers to the extent to which an experiment or test is measuring what is claims to be measuring
what is realiability
reliability refers to the
what is altruistic behaviour
actions which are motivated by the desire to help others rather than oneself, they are characterised by being unselfish.
what is internal consistency
Internal consistency is a method of reliability in which we judge how well the items on a test that are proposed to measure the same construct produce similar results. … If all items on a test measure the same construct or idea, then the test has internal consistency reliability.
what is pro-social behaviour
is voluntary, intentional helping behaviour or acts of kindness that are meant to benefit others.
advantages of experimental research methods
-It provides researchers with a high level of control. …
- Experimental research provides conclusions that are specific. …
- The results of experimental research can be duplicated.
why do people help
- biological basis
- behvaiour is learned
- pro-social behaviour depends on empathy
what is the biological basis for pro social behaviour
some suggest that the human tendency to help others is becauxe there is a biological or evolutionary value to it. that the tendency to help in innate, instinctive and inborn liek human tendencies to eat drink and reproduce. eg: you would be more likely to help a cousin than a random that you do not identify with.
- biological veiw has some support but is not generally accepted as a major cause for pro social behaviour
five stages of social hierarchy
stage 1; pre crowd stage, single-sex cliques are formed, these cliques tend to have a leader and shared interests.
stage 2; the single-sex cliques start to interact with other cliques
stage 3; the upper members of the cliques start to form heterosexual cliques
stage 4; crowds develop consisting of heterosexual cliques
stage 5; crowds begin to separate with couples loosely associating with each other
method of dexter dunphy experiment
- field research was conducted where the researcher observed adolescent groups in Sydney metropolitan area.
- there were 303 three participants of equal genders, and ages ranged from 13-21 years
- participants were informed as to the nature of the study, and that the experimenter was observing their behavior within different social situations.
- all participants completed questionnaires and kept a diary in which social interactions were recorded.
method of dexter dunphy experiment
- field research was conducted where the researcher observed adolescent groups in Sydney metropolitan area.
- there were 303 three participants of equal genders, and ages ranged from 13-21 years
- participants were informed as to the nature of the study, and that the experimenter was observing their behavior within different social situations.
- all participants completed questionnaires and kept a diary in which social interactions were recorded.
what stops pro-social behaviour
- personal variables; a lack of empathy/personalness; willingness to help is also affected by compotency to help. eg: bad swimmer probably less inclined to save soeones life in the surf.
- situational variables; location/someone has to notice. research suggests that people in small towns are more likely to recieve help than those in large cities
- social variables; bystander affect if others are present we are less liely to help due to a diffusion of responsibility
three types of peer groups
dyads, cliques and crowds
what is anti social behaviour
it is voluntary, intentional behaviour designed to hurt or cause distress to another person physically or phsychologically.
what is reciprocity
recip-pro-city is a theory which underpins social exchanhe theory, it refers to the tendency to give what people recieve or expect to recieve. according to this theory, relationships are determined by a cost benefit ratio.
define proximity FAE
refers to the determinant of liking someone which is determined by them being physically close to you.
determined by
-familiarity
-availability
-the expectation of continued interaction
