Relationship between crime and mental illness Flashcards
(196 cards)
1
Q
Rate of violence among people with mental illness than the general population
A
4-6x higher among people with mental illness
2
Q
Factors which are higher risk factors for violence than mental illness
A
Personality disorder
Drug misuse
Alcohol misuse
Male sex
Age between 15-30
Socioeconomic deprivation
Past history of violence
3
Q
Percentage of patients with schizophrenia violent in the 20 weeks following discharge from a psychiatric setting
A
9%
4
Q
Percentage of patients with depression violent in the 20 weeks following discharge from a psychiatric setting
A
19%
5
Q
Percentage of patients with bipolar disorder violent in the 20 weeks following discharge from a psychiatric setting
A
15%
6
Q
Percentage of patients with substance misuse disorders violent in the 20 weeks following discharge from a psychiatric setting
A
29%
7
Q
Percentage of patients with personality disorder violent in the 20 weeks following discharge from a psychiatric setting
A
25%
8
Q
Percentage of patients with another psychotic disorder (not schizophrenia or bipolar) violent in the 20 weeks following discharge from a psychiatric setting
A
17.2%
9
Q
Percentage of patients in the community with schizophrenia who have committed a violent act in the preceding 12 months
A
10%
10
Q
Percentage of general population living in the community who have committed a violent act in the preceding 12 months
A
2%
11
Q
Annual risk of a male patient with schizophrenia committing homicide
A
1:3000
12
Q
Annual risk of a female patient with schizophrenia committing homicide
A
1:33000
13
Q
Percentage of prison population with psychosis
A
3.7%
14
Q
Percentage of prison population with major depression
A
10%
15
Q
Percentage of prison population with personality disorder
A
65%
16
Q
Percentage of prison population with organic mental disorder
A
1%
17
Q
Percentage of homicides related to a mental disorder
A
34%
18
Q
Description of Penrose’s law
A
There is an inverse relationship between rates of prison occupancy and rates of mental institution occupancy
19
Q
Number of homicides annually committed by a mentally disordered offender
A
50
20
Q
Percentage of offenders of homicide who have an abnormal mental state at the time of the offence
A
10%
21
Q
Annual risk of a patient with schizophrenia committing homicide
A
1:10000
22
Q
Annual risk of a person with schizophrenia being convicted of violence
A
1:150
23
Q
Definition of filicide
A
A mother killing their own child
24
Q
D’Orban’s six types of filicides
A
Battering mothers
Mentally ill mothers
Neonaticides
Retaliating women
Unwanted children
Mercy killings
25
Description of 'battering mothers' group of filicides
Impulsive killing due to a loss of temper
26
Description of 'neonaticides' group of filicides
Usually defined as killing of a child within 24 hours of life
27
Description of 'retaliating women' group of filicides
Mother's aggression towards their partner is displaced onto the child
28
Description of 'unwanted child' group of filicides
Can be active killing or passive neglect; associated with unplanned pregnancies and socioeconomic deprivation
29
Description of 'mercy killing' group of filicides
Victim is genuinely suffering; no secondary gain for the mother
30
Most common mental illnesses associated with 'mentally ill mothers' group of filicides
Depression
Psychotic illness
Personality disorder
31
Definition of infanticide
Intentional killing of an infant (usually under 12 months old) by their mother
32
Definition of murder-suicide
Murder followed by suicide of the perpetrator within one week of the murder
33
Mental illness more common among murder-suicide perpetrators than homicide perpetrators
Depression
34
Two typical clinical presentations of murder-suicide perpetrators
1. Middle aged man, recently separated from his partner, suffering from depression, access to firearms
2. Older man, caregiver for his partner, recent onset of new illness in the man, depression, access to firearms
35
Definition of patricide
Killing of someone's own parents (more often their father)
36
Definition of matricide
Killing of someone's own mother
37
Percentage of homicides made up by patricide/(matricide)
2%
38
Typical demographic of a patricide perpetrator
Male
Aged 12-50
Motivated by revenge for sexual abuse or financial gain
39
Number of annual cases of non-fatal assault in England and Wales
1 million
40
Definition of common assault
Any act where someone intentionally or recklessly causes another person to suffer apprehend immediate unlawful violence
41
Definition of aggravated assault
An act where someone attempts or does cause serious bodily injury to another person purposefully or recklessly manifesting extreme indifference to human life; or with a deadly weapon
42
Definition of battery
An act where someone intentionally or recklessly applies unlawful force to the body of another person
43
Difference between assault and battery
Battery requires actual force; assault can be committed if someone indicated violence e.g. someone throws a punch that misses
44
Percentage of perpetrators of non fatal violence with schizophrenia
9%
45
Percentage of middle aged female shoplifters who are depressed
24-30%
46
Age at which shoplifting usually peaks
Adolescence
47
Percentage of shoplifters with a history consistent with kleptomania
1-2%
48
Percentage of people who set fires who do so intentionally
25%
49
Percentage of psychiatric patients with a history of fire setting behaviour
26%
50
Percentage of psychiatric patients who have previously set fires
16%
51
Association between IQ and fire setting
Low IQ gives a higher risk of fire setting
52
Typical demographics of an intentional fire setter
Young adult male
Relationship difficulties
Unmarried
Poorly educated
Isolated
Unemployed or unskilled labourer
53
Likelihood of males compared to females fire setting
Males 2.5x more likely
54
Groups of fire setters described by Faulk
Group 1 - fire setting as a means to an end e.g. fraud, revenge
Group 2 - fire setting for its own sake
55
Six criteria for pyromania according to DSM IV
Deliberate fire setting on multiple occasions
Emotional arousal and tension before fire setting
Fascination/attraction to fire
Pleasure or relief when setting fires
Exclusion of other causes
Fire setting not better accounted for by conduct disorder or personality disorder
56
Sex more associated with juvenile fire setting under the age of 10
Females
57
Reoffence rates of mentally disordered fire setters
11%
58
Reoffence rates of non mentally disordered fire setters
4%
59
Percentage of women who have been stalked in their lifetime
15%
60
Percentage of stalkers who are male
80-90%
61
Percentage of stalking victims who are women
80-90%
62
Typical demographics of a stalking victim
Woman
Reproductive age
Previous sexual relationship with the perpetrator
63
Typical demographics of a stalker
Male
Unemployed or underemployed
Well educated
Previous sexual relationship with their victim
64
Types of stalkers described by Mullen
Rejected - pursues ex-partners
Intimacy seekers - stalk someone they believe they love and loves them back
Incompetent suitors - inappropriately intrude, looking for a date
Resentful - look to get revenge for a real or imagined injury
Predatory - stalking forms part of other sexual offending
65
Psychiatric diagnoses most often seen in ex-partner stalkers
Borderline PD
Narcissistic PD
Histrionic PD
Antisocial PD
66
Psychiatric diagnoses most often seen in stranger stalkers
Delusional disorders, most commonly erotomania
Schizophrenia
Affective disorders
Organic psychosis
67
Percentage of stalking victims who develop PTSD
37-60%
68
Percentage of psychiatrists who consider themselves to have been stalked
22%
69
Percentage of psychiatrists who have experienced stalking behaviour meeting the legal definition of harassment
33%
70
Typical demographics of a stalker who has targeted a mental health professional
Male
Prior history of stalking
Under the care of the stalked clinician
Motivated by wanting more intimacy
71
Percentage of sexual offenders committing offences against children who are a relative of the child
13%
72
Percentage of sexual offenders committing offences against children who are known to the child but not a relative
68%
73
Percentage of child sexual abuse offenders who are male
90%
74
Percentage of child sexual abuse offenders who are adolescents
33%
75
Definition of incest in England/Wales vs. Scotland
Penetration must have occurred in both
In England/Wales step relatives are not included but in Scotland they are
76
Percentage of reported incest cases which involve children
30%
77
Percentage of perpetrators of indecent exposure who reoffend
20-30%
78
Definition of penile plethysmography
Determining sexual arousal by measuring changes in penile tumescence when images or stories of deviant sexual material are presented
79
Drug most commonly used to lower libido in the UK
Cyproterone
80
Drug most commonly used to lower libido in the USA
Medroxyprogesterone
81
Mental health condition which can be worsened by cyproterone
Depression
82
Most common side effects of cyproterone
Deranged liver function
Osteoporosis
Gynaecomastia
83
Largest study of non-incarcerated male sex offenders
Abel study
84
Percentage of male sexual offenders in the Abel study who were married
30%
85
Number of offenders in the Abel study who molested young boys compared to young girls
5x more molested young boys
86
Percentage of convicted sexual offenders who have no previous sexual offence convictions
75-80%
87
Percentage of sexual offenders who reoffend within 6 years of their release
9%
88
Percentage of child sexual offenders who reoffend within 6 years of their release
13%
89
Percentage of female victims of chronic domestic abuse who report to the police
20%
90
Percentage of women who experience domestic abuse in their lifetime
25%
91
Proportion of men who experience domestic abuse in their lifetime
1 in 6/1 in 7
92
Percentage of male victims of domestic abuse who do not tell anyone
49%
93
Percentage of female victims of domestic abuse who do not tell anyone
19%
94
Typical presentation for people with schizophrenia who commit type 1 violence
Have organised delusions relating to the violence they commit
No history of conduct problems in earlier life
Nearly always attack a carer or an acquaintance
95
Typical presentation for people with schizophrenia who commit type 2 violence
Have disorganised clinical syndromes
Have a history of conduct disorder
Have a history of substance abuse from a young age
Have a history of diverse offences
Commit both domestic and non-domestic offences
96
Percentage of prison inmates who misuse substances
>50%
97
Percentage of prison inmates who misuse alcohol
>40%
98
Percentage of non fatal assaults associated with intoxication
50%
99
Percentage of homicides associated with intoxication
66%
100
Percentage of remanded men with a diagnosable personality disorder
78%
101
Percentage of sentenced men with a diagnosable personality disorder
64%
102
Percentage of female prisoners with a diagnosable personality disorder
50%
103
Percentage of forensic patients with a diagnosable personality disorder
65%
104
Most common personality disorder among prisoners
Antisocial PD
105
Increased risk of violence among people with antisocial PD compared to the general population
10x higher rate
106
Percentage of adults with IQ <90 who become delinquent
20%
107
Percentage of adults with IQ 90-110 who become delinquent
9%
108
Percentage of adults with IQ >110 who become delinquent
2%
109
Specific offences more likely among perpetrators with low IQ
Sex offences
Fire setting
110
Group (mild, moderate, severe) of patients with learning disability with the lowest rates of offence
Severe
111
Definition of malingering
Intentional feigning of symptoms for specific gain
112
Definition of Munchausen syndrome/factitious illness
Intentional feigning of symptoms without external gain, by people motivated to assume the sick role
113
Eponymous name for morbid jealousy syndrome
Othello syndrome
114
Syndrome characterised by a belief that the patient's partner is unfaithful
Othello syndrome
115
Eponymous name for erotomania
De Clerambault's syndrome
116
Sex more commonly affected by De Clerambault's syndrome
Female
117
Syndrome characterised by the erroneous belief that someone the patient knows of (often someone successful) is in love with them
De Clerambault's syndrome
118
Eponymous name for the syndrome of approximate answers
Ganser syndrome
119
Symptoms of Ganser syndrome
Giving approximate answers to easy questions
Clouding of consciousness with disorientation
Pseudohallucinations
Amnesia for the crime
120
People most commonly affected by Ganser syndrome
Prisoners, especially military prisoners
People absenting themselves from military duty
121
Percentage of offenders who is a woman
20%
122
Peak age for offending in females
14
123
Peak age for offending in males
17-18
124
Percentage of homicide victims who are male
55%
125
Percentage of female prisoners who had attempted suicide in the year before their custody
19%
126
Age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales
10
127
Age of criminal responsibility in Scotland
8
128
Age at which someone is classed as a juvenile offender
10-17
129
Age at which someone is classed as a young offender
18-21
130
Age at which someone is classed as an adult offender
21 and over
131
Percentage of prisoners with diagnosable PTSD
20%
132
Percentage of the general population who have been a victim of a crime in the past year
14%
133
Percentage of patients with a severe mental illness who have been a victim of a crime in the last year
40%
134
Percentage of people in police custody who had a mental illness at the time of arrest
2-5%
135
Percentage of patients in police custody who had a severe mental illness at the time of arrest
1-2%
136
Rate of psychosis among the prison population compared to the general population
10x higher in the prison population
137
Most common age of people charged with exhibitionism
15-25
138
Male to female conviction rate for any crime in the UK
5:1
139
Most common demographics of victim when a woman with psychosis commits homicide
Relative <18 years old
140
Increase in risk of being a victim of a crime if someone has a mental illness
5x higher risk
141
Percentage of stalking victims who report the crime to the police
33%
142
Proportion of patients discharged from a medium secure unit who are convicted of a violent crime within 5 years
1 in 6
143
Proportion of elderly offenders who have a mental illness
20%
144
Proportion of domestic violence victims that are male
40%
145
Percentage of people convicted of homicide who are mental health patients
10%
146
Percentage of children with conduct disorder who go on to have an adult diagnosis of personality disorder
50%
147
Percentage of those convicted of indecent exposure who are new offenders
80%
148
Percentage of violence in the community that can be accounted for by psychosis
5%
149
Type of disorder kleptomania comes under
Impulse control disorder
150
Sex which almost entirely commits the crime of child stealing
Women
151
Most important risk factor for violence among patients with mental illness
Concomitant substance misuse
152
Parental/environmental risk factors for expression of antisocial behaviour
Parental unemployment
High social deprivation
Low social cohesion in the neighbourhood
Multiple caregivers during development
Low parental affection
153
Strongest predictor of future sexual offences
Past sexual offences
154
Reliable predictors to identify which mothers will murder their children
None
155
Most prevalent offender/victim combination for domestic abuse
Males assaulting females
156
Most common delusion among stalkers
Delusion of love
157
Most common psychiatric diagnosis among fire setters
Personality disorder
158
Disorder which shares heritability with antisocial behaviour
Alcohol use disorder
159
Description of threat control override symptoms
Patients feel they are being threatened or controlled due to hallucinations or delusions
Patients are then violent - however this is unusual
160
Factor most associated with reoffending among perpetrators of child sexual abuse
Lack of victim empathy
161
Personality disorders more commonly seen in elderly sex offenders compared to elderly non-offenders
Schizoid
Avoidant
Obsessive compulsive
162
Most common forensic presentation of a conduct disorder
Shoplifting
163
Most common offence in people with a learning difficulty
Offences against property
164
Factors which increase the risk of assault in combination with stalking behaviour
Substance misuse
Male sex
Threats of violence
Presence of personality disorder
History of non-compliance with mental health treatment
165
Definition of uxoricide
Killing someone's own wife
166
Percentage of shoplifters who reoffend after conviction
10%
167
Percentage of prisoners who self harm during their prison term
10%
168
Lifetime rate of any mental disorder among perpetrators of homicide
30%
169
Patient related risk factors for violence in an inpatient psychiatric setting
Yong age
History of violence
Being detained
Substance misuse
Being in the acute phase of an illness
170
Percentage of the male prison population with antisocial personality disorder
50%
171
Percent of victims of the most serious sexual assault who know the perpetrator
90%
172
Percentage of female prisoners with borderline personality disorder
20%
173
Percentage of serious fires which are started deliberately
40%
174
Percentage of serious crimes in the UK which are arson
1%
175
Percentage of females who report being a victim of the most serious sexual assaults in the previous 12 months
0.5%
176
Percentage of the prison population aged >60 with a diagnosis of personality disorder
30%
177
Most common psychiatric diagnosis among prisoners aged >60
Depression
178
Percentage of the prison population aged >60 with a diagnosis of dementia
1%
179
Most common type of sexual offence
Sexual assault
180
Two most serious sexual offences
Rape
Sexual assault with penetration
181
UK case which highlights the role in police informing potential victims
Osman
182
Percentage of males who report being a victim of the most serious sexual assaults in the previous 12 months
0.1%
183
Most common victim of a homicide committed by a patient of mental health services
Acquaintance
184
Most common crime in those with drug dependence
Shoplifting
185
Most common crimes among people with autism spectrum disorder
Property damage
Arson
186
Area of the brain where damage is particularly associated with a lack of impulse control
Prefrontal cortex
187
Most common diagnosis among prisoners
Antisocial PD
188
Most common diagnosis among homicide perpetrators
Antisocial PD
189
Type of stalker who poses the greatest risk of sexual violence
Predatory
190
Type of stalker most likely to have a delusional disorder
Rejected
191
Factor associated with lowest risk of reoffending in exhibitionism
Late age of onset of offending
192
Types of psychiatrists most at risk of being stalked
General adult
Forensic
193
Percentage of male remand prisoners with functional psychosis
10%
194
Percentage of male sentenced prisoners with functional psychosis
7%
195
Percentage of people convicted of homicide who were psychotic at the time of the offence
5%
196
Estimated suicide rate of prisoners in England and Wales
133 per 100,000 population per year
