Relationship development

Question 1

What is the initial feelings of attraction based on?

Answer 1

Physical attractiveness, similarity and interaction

Question 2

What research design is much of close relationships based on and what do they focus on?

Answer 2

-Use non-experimental designs
- focus on romantic relationships between heterosexual couples/usually young/ in individualistic cultures

Question 3

Who demonstrated that the average face seems to be most attractive?

Answer 3

• Halberstadt et al, 2005

Question 4

What did Halberstadt et al, 2005 demonstrate?

Answer 4

• average faces seem to be most attractive

Question 5

What is the biological bases of physical attractiveness?

Answer 5

• Symmetry

Question 6

What are men looking for in a women?

Answer 6

• youth and fertility

Question 7

What is linked to higher oestrogen levels?

Answer 7

• facial femininity (Gangestad and Scheyd, 2005)

Question 8

Who demonstrated that men desire features of women associated with reproductive value/fertility?

Answer 8

Kendrick et al 1996

Question 9

What do women look for in men?

Answer 9

• physical strength
• financial resources

Question 10

Who demonstrated women preferred men to be 3-4 years older?

Answer 10

-Buss 1993

Question 11

What do women not want in men?

Answer 11

• unhealthy mass as less likely to provide food, health care etc

Question 12

How do women in developing countries differ when choosing a male?

Answer 12

• rate potential health as more important

Question 13

Why is testosterone seen as a negative?

Answer 13

-suppresses immune system (not seen as positive to have high levels)
- only well adapted males can tolerate levels

Question 14

What is the matching phenomenon?

Answer 14

• people tend to be attracted to others who are about the same level of physical attractiveness as themselves
  -people can compensate or make up for looks by having other attractive factors, e.g. humour

Question 15

Who is the theorist who demonstrated people exchange what they want, in the matching phenomenon?

Answer 15

• Buss & Schmitt, 1993

Question 16

What did Thissen et al 1983 demonstrate?

Answer 16

• women more likely than men to offer attractiveness, seek financial security and seek someone who was older
• men more likely than women to seek attractiveness, offer financial support and seek someone who was younger

Question 17

What does similarity do in terms of relationship development?

Answer 17

• increases attraction and liking because we see anything connected to the self as positive
• encourages positive interaction over common interests
• signals familarity
• signals mastery

Question 18

Who determined similiarity to others increases attractiveness?

Answer 18

Swami & Furnham, 2008

Question 19

What did Swami & Furnham, 2008 say?

Answer 19

determined similiarity to others increases attractiveness

Question 20

Who demonstrated that people prefer faces that look like their own?

Answer 20

Little & Perret, 2002

Question 21

What did Little & Perret, 2002 say?

Answer 21

demonstrated that people prefer faces that look like their own

Question 22

What does familarity lead to?

Answer 22

leads to liking - mere exposure effect

Question 23

What does interaction do in terms of relationship development

Answer 23

• increases liking
  -help us feel connected
  -when people interact, they often mimic speech patterns, posture, mannerisms

Question 24

Who demonstrated physical proximity increases liklihood of interaction?

Answer 24

Festinger, Schachter & Back 1950

Question 25

What did Festinger, Schachter & Back 1905 demonstrate?

Answer 25

demonstrated physical proximity increases liklihood of interaction

Question 26

What is stage 1 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

Answer 26

similairity encourages interaction

Question 27

What is stage 2 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

Answer 27

the more we interact with others, the more similarities we discover

Question 28

What is stage 3 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

Answer 28

The more we interact with someone, the more attractive that person appears to us, the more we continue interacting with them

Question 29

What is stage 4 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

Answer 29

we find those we are similiar to us to be more physically attractive, and the more attractive people are, the more we want to be like them

Question 30

What is stage 5 of liking, similarity, interaction and attractiveness being the mutually reinforcing processes?

Answer 30

once liking develops, it feeds back on the other factors to develop and reinforce the connections

Question 31

In exchanging relationships, what is cost-reward ratio?

Answer 31

each partner rewards the other in order to gain rewards in return

Question 32

In exchanging relationships who demonstrated the social exchange theory, in economic theories?

Answer 32

Emerson, 1976

Question 33

In close relationships, what are the three types of interdependence?

Answer 33

- cognitive -behavioural -affective

Question 34

Who proposed the interdependence theory and what does it involve?

Answer 34

- Kelly & Thibaut 1978 -when we become closer with someone, our thoughts, emotions and behaviours intertwine

Question 35

What is cognitive interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

Answer 35

-the partner becomes part of self concept -self-disclosure, perspective and control - partners knowledge becomes more likely self-knowledge and start making attributions about our partners as if we were us -self-serving attributionsq

Question 36

In cognitive interdependence, what does self disclose mean?

Answer 36

- know partners thoughts and feelings as well as ones own

Question 37

In cognitive interdependence, what does perspective mean?

Answer 37

- think about events from a partner's point of view as well as one's own

Question 38

In cognitive interdependence, what does control mean?

Answer 38

- can influence partners actions as well as ones own

Question 39

What is behavioural interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

Answer 39

- each person has a great deal of influence on partners decisions, activities and plans - prefer to do different activities but both want to do activity together: co-ordinate/cooperate - connectedness- concerned for each others welfare

Question 40

What is affective interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

Answer 40

- refers to emotional band that links close relationship partners - intimacy translates into social support- strongly related to physical health -intimacy draws people together and committment holds relationship together

Question 41

What is intimacy in affective interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

Answer 41

- positive emotional band of understanding and support is a key component of close relationships

Question 42

What is commitment in affective interdependence, as a type of interdependence?

Answer 42

- long term orientation toward relationship, with intention to maintain it over time

Question 43

What is attachment styles in relationship development?

Answer 43

- general beliefs about self and othersthat influence orientations toward relationships -originate in infancy, begin with relationships to caregiver - researchers tend to think of attachment styles on continuous dimensions- the extent to which people seek relationships with others (Shover & Mikulincer, 2009)

Question 44

What are the different attachment styles?

Answer 44

- secured attachment - preoccupied attachment - dismissing attachment - fearful attachment

Question 45

What is secured attachment style?

Answer 45

- unafraid of intimacy -comfortable relying on their partner for support and acceptance

Question 46

What is preoccupied attachment style?

Answer 46

- want relationships but are worried others do not

Question 47

What dismissing attachment styles?

Answer 47

- reluctant to get close to others because they want to feel independent and self-sufficient

Question 48

What is fearful attachment styles?

Answer 48

- reluctant to get close to others because they find it difficult to trust others and dont want to get hurt- rejection sensitivity

Question 49

In same-sex relationships, who demonstrated similiarities and differences with heterosexual relationships?

Answer 49

- Peplau and Fingerhut 2007

Question 50

What are the similarities between same sex couples and heterosexual couples?

Answer 50

- value placed on affection, dependability and shared interests - relaitonships form through proximity and familiarity - interest plays key role in establishing new relationships - commitment strong predictors of success

Question 51

What are the differences between same sex couples and heterosexual couples?

Answer 51

- gay and lesbian couples are more likely to remain friends following relationship breakdown - division of household labour more equitable - lesbian relationships are more likely to originate from pre-existing friendship

Question 52

What is communal relationship defined as?

Answer 52

- relationship in which people reward their partner out of direct concern and to show caring

Question 53

What is interdependence defined as?

Answer 53

- situation in which each persons thoughts, emotions and behaviours influence those of other people

Question 54

What is social support?

Answer 54

- emotional and physical coping resources provided by other people