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Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the goal of partner selection according to evolutionary psychology?

A

To maximize reproductive success by selecting partners with traits that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction.

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2
Q

What is anisogamy and why is it important in evolutionary theory?

A

Anisogamy refers to the differences in gamete size and energy investment between males and females, influencing different reproductive strategies.

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3
Q

What reproductive strategy does anisogamy suggest for males?

A

To be promiscuous and compete with other males to be chosen by females.

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4
Q

What is intrasexual selection?

A

A process where individuals of the same sex compete for access to mates, with advantageous traits increasing reproductive success.

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5
Q

What is intersexual selection?

A

A process where traits increase an individual’s attractiveness to the opposite sex, affecting mate choice.

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6
Q

According to the Sexy Sons Hypothesis, why do females choose attractive males?

A

So their sons will inherit attractive traits and have better reproductive success.

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7
Q

What did Buss find in his cross-cultural study on partner preferences?

A

Females preferred resource-based characteristics; males valued good looks and youth.

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8
Q

What is a major criticism of the evolutionary explanation of relationships?

A

It fails to explain non-heterosexual relationships and cultural variations.

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9
Q

What is self-disclosure in romantic relationships?

A

The revealing of personal information that can increase intimacy and attraction.

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10
Q

What is reciprocal self-disclosure?

A

The expectation that self-disclosure will be mutual, with partners disclosing at similar levels.

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11
Q

How does self-disclosure typically progress in a relationship?

A

It starts with superficial information and gradually includes more intimate, high-risk details.

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12
Q

What effect does premature self-disclosure have on attraction?

A

It can reduce attraction and make the disclosing individual seem maladjusted.

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13
Q

What did Altman and Taylor find about self-disclosure on first dates?

A

It is inappropriate and does not increase attraction.

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14
Q

What did Kito discover about self-disclosure in different cultures?

A

High self-disclosure was found in romantic relationships among both Japanese and American students.

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15
Q

What did Sprecher find to challenge the idea of reciprocal self-disclosure?

A

The level of self-disclosure received is a better predictor of liking and loving than the amount given.

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16
Q

How does physical attractiveness influence attraction?

A

It plays a significant role, especially for men in both short and long-term relationships.

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17
Q

What is the halo effect in the context of physical attractiveness?

A

The tendency to assume that someone with one positive quality (like attractiveness) has other positive qualities too.

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18
Q

What did Palmer and Peterson discover about the halo effect?

A

Attractive people were rated more politically knowledgeable even when they weren’t.

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19
Q

What did Towhey find about the influence of physical attractiveness?

A

Participants with higher sexist attitudes were more influenced by attractiveness than those with lower scores.

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20
Q

What is the matching hypothesis in romantic relationships?

A

The idea that people are more likely to form relationships with others of a similar level of physical attractiveness.

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21
Q

According to the matching hypothesis, why do people choose partners with similar attractiveness?

A

To avoid rejection and ensure the relationship is attainable.

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22
Q

What evidence supports the matching hypothesis?

A

Real couples showed correlations in physical attractiveness, unlike fictitious pairings.

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23
Q

What is complex matching in relationships?

A

When a less attractive person compensates with other desirable traits like wealth.

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24
Q

What is filter theory in the context of romantic relationships?

A

A theory that explains how people narrow down potential partners using filters such as social demography, attitudes, and complementarity.

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25
What is the first level of filtering in filter theory?
Social Demography – filtering based on age, ethnicity, location, etc.
26
What is the second level of filtering in filter theory?
Similarity in Attitudes – selecting partners with shared beliefs and values.
27
What is the third level of filtering in filter theory?
Complementarity – choosing partners whose traits complement our own.
28
What did Taylor’s research reveal about filter theory?
85% of Americans who married in 2008 married within their ethnic group.
29
What is emotional convergence according to Anderson?
The phenomenon where couples become more similar in attitudes and emotional responses over time.
30
What did Hoyle find about attitude similarity?
Perceived attitude similarity predicts attraction more than actual similarity.
31
What did Tidwell’s speed-dating study find?
Perceived, not actual, similarity predicted romantic liking.
32
How does online dating challenge filter theory?
It reduces the importance of social demographic variables like ethnicity and proximity.
33
What is the Social Exchange Theory (SET)?
A theory that relationships are maintained through a balance of rewards and costs.
34
What is a comparison level in Social Exchange Theory?
A standard by which individuals evaluate the profitability of their relationships, based on past relationships.
35
What is a comparison level for alternatives in SET?
Evaluating if other potential partners would offer better rewards and fewer costs.
36
What are the four stages of a relationship in SET?
Sampling, Bargaining, Commitment, and Institutionalisation.
37
What did Gottman find about successful marriages in relation to SET?
Happy couples had a 5:1 ratio of positive to negative exchanges; unhappy ones had 1:1.
38
What is a major criticism of SET?
People may not monitor rewards and costs unless they are already dissatisfied.
39
What does Equity Theory propose?
Relationship satisfaction depends on the perceived fairness or equity in the balance of rewards and costs.
40
What emotions result from inequity in relationships?
Over-benefitting leads to guilt, while under-benefitting leads to anger or sadness.
41
According to Equity Theory, what condition must be met for a relationship to continue despite an imbalance?
Both partners must accept the imbalance as fair under the circumstances.
42
What did DeMaris find about equity and divorce?
Women who felt they were under-benefitting in a relationship had a higher risk of divorce.
43
What did Bunk find about equity and relationship outcomes?
There was no link between equity and future relationship quality or maintenance.
44
What did Brosnan discover about equity and primates?
Female monkeys showed anger when treated unfairly, suggesting evolutionary roots to equity.
45
What criticism did Mills and Clark make of Equity Theory?
Emotional rewards and costs are hard to measure, making the concept of equity difficult to assess.
46
What is Rusbult’s Investment Model of commitment?
A model proposing that commitment depends on satisfaction, comparison with alternatives, and investment.
47
What are intrinsic investments in a relationship?
Resources directly put into a relationship, like time, emotion, and effort
48
What are extrinsic investments in a relationship?
Shared resources that arise from the relationship, like children or mutual friends.
49
How did Rusbult respond to criticisms of measuring key variables in her model?
By creating the Investment Model Scale for reliable and valid measurement.
50
What did Van Lange’s study find about commitment?
High commitment was related to high satisfaction, low alternatives, and high investment.
51
What gender differences did Lin find in relationship commitment?
Females reported higher satisfaction, greater investment, and stronger commitment than males.
52
What is the Intra-Psychic Phase of Duck’s Phase Model?
A stage where one partner becomes dissatisfied and reflects internally without discussing it.
53
What happens during the Dyadic Phase of Duck’s model?
Partners discuss the issues openly and may consider reconciliation.
54
What characterizes the Social Phase in Duck’s model
The relationship issues are shared with others, and social support is sought.
55
What is the Grave Dressing Phase in Duck’s model?
Each partner creates a narrative of the relationship’s breakdown and moves on.
56
What additional phase did Duck and Rollie add in 2006?
The Resurrection Phase – focusing on personal growth and readiness for new relationships.
57
What gender differences in relationship breakdown did Kassin find?
Women cite emotional dissatisfaction; men cite lack of sex or fun.
58
What did Duck’s model fail to account for according to critics?
It oversimplifies relationship breakdown and may not follow a fixed order.
59
What is the Hyper-Personal Model in virtual relationships?
A model that suggests online relationships develop quicker due to increased self-disclosure.
60
What is selective self-presentation in virtual relationships?
Presenting only certain aspects of oneself to appear more appealing online.
61
What did Whitty and Joinson find about self-disclosure online?
Online discussions are more direct, probing, and intimate than face-to-face conversations.
62
What contradiction to the Hyper-Personal Model was found by McKenna and Bargh?
Online relationships can be more durable than face-to-face ones due to early self-disclosure.
63
Why might people disclose more on gaming sites than dating websites?
Dating sites often lead to offline meetings, which may limit self-disclosure.
64
What is Reduced Cue Theory in virtual relationships?
A theory that suggests the lack of non-verbal cues leads to deindividuation and possibly aggression.
65
How has modern technology challenged Reduced Cue Theory?
Non-verbal cues now exist online through emoticons, response timing, and video chats.
66
What is the Absence of Gating in virtual relationships?
Online relationships are not hindered by physical appearance, social anxiety, or other real-world barriers.
67
What did Zahoa et al. find about the Absence of Gating?
Online self-presentation can improve offline self-image and relationship quality.
68
What did Baker and Oswald discover about shy individuals in virtual relationships?
Shy people reported higher-quality friendships when they frequently used the internet.
69
What is a Parasocial Relationship?
A one-sided relationship where a person feels emotionally connected to a celebrity
70
What characterizes the Entertainment-Social level of parasocial relationships?
Celebrities are seen as entertainment and a topic for social discussion.
71
What is the Intense-Personal level of parasocial relationships?
An individual feels a deep personal connection and obsession with a celebrity.
72
What is the Borderline-Pathological level of parasocial relationships?
The most intense level involving obsessive fantasies and irrational behaviors like stalking.
73
What is the Absorption-Addiction Model?
A model suggesting people form parasocial relationships to compensate for deficiencies in real life.
74
What does the "absorption" phase in the model refer to?
Becoming fully preoccupied with a celebrity’s life and identifying with them.
75
What does the "addiction" phase in the model involve?
Seeking increasing involvement, which leads to compulsive behavior and preoccupation.
76
What did Maltby et al. find about teenage girls in parasocial relationships?
They often had poor body image when they admired a celebrity’s appearance.
77
What criticism is made of the Absorption-Addiction Model?
It describes rather than explains why parasocial relationships form.
78
What link did studies find between insecure-resistant attachment and parasocial relationships?
People with insecure-resistant attachments are more likely to form parasocial bonds.
79
What is a limitation of studying attachment type and parasocial relationships?
Studies rely on flawed self-reported memories of childhood.
80
What did research find about adults with insecure attachment and obsessive behavior?
They had positive views of obsessive acts like stalking, suggesting a link to attachment style.

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