Relevance Pages Flashcards
(145 cards)
1
Q
What color and state is Bromine?
A
Red-brown
Liquid
2
Q
What color and state is chlorine?
A
Pale yellow-green
Gas
3
Q
What color and state is fluorine?
A
Pale yellow
Gas
4
Q
What color and state is iodine?
A
Shiny grey solid
Purple vapor when heated
5
Q
What color is CuSO4 solution?
A
Blue
6
Q
What color is CoSO4 solution?
A
Pink
7
Q
What color and form is hydrated copper sulfate?
A
Blue crystals
8
Q
What color and state is anhydrous copper sulfate?
A
White powder
9
Q
What’s the water molecules present in the structure of hydrated crystals called?
A
Water of crystallization
10
Q
What 2 salts can be used to test for presence of water?
A
Add substance to be tested for water to powder of salt:
anhydrous copper (II) sulfate (white powder turns blue)
anhydrous cobalt (II) chloride (blue powder turns pink)
11
Q
What color is the hydrated salt iron (II) sulfate?
A
Green
12
Q
What color is iron (II) chloride?
A
Yellow_brown
13
Q
What are the first 2 steps of testing for a halide?
Give the color precipitate formed for cl, br.
A
1) add dilute nitric acid
(Removes other ions that might interfere)
2) add silver nitrate solution
(AgNO3)
Cl- + AgNO3 = AgCl
white precipitate
Br- + AgNO3 = AgBr
cream precipitate
I- + AgNO3 = AgI
yellow precipitate
14
Q
What colors are the following indicators in an acid or base?
Methyl orange
Litmus paper
Thymolphthalein
Hydrogen carbonate indicator / Cresol red
A
Methyl orange
Acid: red
Base: yellow
Litmus paper
Acid: red
Base: blue
Thymolphthalein
Acid: colorless
Base: blue
Hydrogen carbonate indicator / Cresol red
Acid: yellow
Base: purple
15
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
NaOH
A
Soluble
16
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
KOH
A
Soluble
17
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
LiOH
A
Soluble
18
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
NH3
A
Soluble
19
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
Ca(OH)2
A
Slightly soluble, forms weak alkali
But mostly insoluble
20
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
Ba(OH)2
A
Soluble
21
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
Transition metal hydroxides
A
INSOLUBLE
22
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
Fe(OH)2
A
INSOLUBLE
23
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
Cu(OH)2
A
INSOLUBLE
24
Q
Insoluble or soluble:
Metal oxides
A
INSOLUBLE
25
Insoluble or soluble:
Metal carbonates
INSOLUBLE
26
Insoluble or soluble:
CuO
Insoluble
27
Insoluble or soluble:
CaCO3
Insoluble
28
List 4 strong acids:
Are they mineral acids or organic acids?
Mineral acids
HCL
HNO3
H2SO4
H3PO4
29
List 4 weak acids:
Are they mineral or organic acids?
Organic acids
Ethanoic acid CH3COOH
(Vinegar)
Citric acid C6H807
(Citrus fruits)
Methanol acid HCOOH
(Ant venom)
Lactic acid
(Sour milk)
Mineral acid
Carbonic acid H2CO3
(Carbonated drinks)
30
Define an acid:
Proton donor
31
Define a base:
Proton acceptor
32
Give the ionic equation for neutralization:
H+ (aq) + OH- (aq) → H2O(l)
33
List amphoteric oxides:
Aluminum oxide
Zinc oxide
Lead oxide
34
What gives you an acid:
Non-metal oxide + water → acid
35
Reducing agent or Oxidising agent:
Carbon monoxide (CO)
Reducing agent
36
Reducing agent or Oxidising agent:
Oxygen
Oxidizing agent
37
Reducing agent or Oxidising agent:
Hydrogen (H)
Reducing
38
Reducing agent or Oxidising agent:
Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
Oxidising
39
Reducing agent or Oxidising agent:
Carbon (C)
Reducing
40
Reducing agent or Oxidising agent:
Chlorine (Cl)
Oxidising! Transfers electrons
41
Reducing agent or Oxidising agent:
Potassium manganate (VII)
K2MnO4
Oxidising
42
Reducing agent or Oxidising agent:
Potassium dichromate (VI)
K2Cr2O7
Oxidising
43
Whats the test for oxidising agents?
Potassium iodide
I- oxidized to I2
Colorless solution to yellow brown
(Iodine is yellow brown in solution)
Test w starch indicator. Turns dark blue
44
What’s the test for reducing agents?
Potassium manganate (VII)
K2MnO4
Manganese +7 in MnO4- (manganate VII ion) has PURPLE color
When reduced becomes COLOURLESS because of formation of pale pink Mn+ ion
+7 to +2
45
Soluble or insoluble salt?
Sodium salts (Na)
ALL Soluble
46
Soluble or insoluble salt?
Potassium salts (K)
ALL soluble
47
Soluble or insoluble salt?
Ammonium salts (NH4)
ALL soluble
48
Soluble or insoluble salt?
Name the exceptions if there are.
Chlorides (Cl)
Most soluble
AgCl (silver chloride) INSOLUBLE
PbCl2 (lead (II) chloride) INSOLUBLE
49
Soluble or insoluble salt?
BaSO4 (barium sulfate)
INSOLUBLE
50
Soluble or insoluble salt:
PbSO4 (lead (II) sulfate )
INSOLUBLE
51
Soluble or insoluble salt?
CaSO4 (calcium sulfate)
INSOLUBLE
52
Soluble or insoluble salt:
CuSO4 (copper sulfate)
SOLUBLE
53
Soluble or insoluble salt:
Na2CO3
Soluble
54
Soluble or insoluble salt:
K2CO3
Soluble
55
Soluble or insoluble salt:
Ammonium carbonate
(NH4)2CO3
Soluble
56
What’s ammonias charge?
Neutral
57
What’s ammoniums charge?
+1
58
What’s the chemical reaction for making an alkali?
Metal + water → metal hydroxide + hydrogen
59
What happens when you react a metal with steam?
Metal + steam → metal oxide + hydrogen
60
Why do reactive metals for positive ions?
The higher the reactivity of metals, the easier they lose electrons and form positive ions
61
Why do reactive non metals tend to form negative ions more easily?
The more reactive a non metals is, the easier they gain electrons and form negative ions
62
What color is copper on its own?
Red-brown
63
What observations can be made during this reaction?
Zinc (s) + copper (II) sulfate (aq) → zinc sulfate (aq) + copper (s)
1) zinc metals becomes coated in layer of red-brown copper
2) blue colour of solution fades until solution becomes colourless zinc sulfate
3) zinc displaces copper from solution so zinc is more reactive than copper
64
What observations can be made during this reaction:
Silver nitrate (aq) + copper (s) → copper (II) nitrate (aq) + silver (s)
1) **solution becomes blue** because copper (II) nitrate solution is formed
2) **deposit of silver** grows on surface of copper
3) **silver is displaced** from the reaction by copper because **silver is less reactive than copper**
65
Do reactive metals form good reducing agents?
Yes
66
Does metal reactivity increase down or up a group?
Down a group
67
What happens when an alkali reacts with cold water?
An alkaline solution of the metal hydroxide is formed and hydrogen is formed
68
What are the products when acid and metal reacts?
Acid + metal → salt + hydrogen
69
What colour solution forms when iron reacts with an acid?
Metal disappears and A pale green solution forms
70
What type of reaction is a photochemical reaction?
Substitution
71
Why does a photochemical reaction require ultraviolet light?
The light provides the activation energy needed
72
What are the products of a combustion reaction?
Carbon dioxide + water
73
How can an alkene be formed?
Catalytic cracking
74
What are the products of cracking?
Shorter chain alkane + short chain alkene
75
What is the test for unsaturated hydrocarbons?
Add the hydrocarbon to **aqueous bromine solution** and shake.
If unsaturated hydrocarbon (alkene) present, an addition reaction takes place.
The bromine atoms add across the carbon-carbon double bond of an alkene.
Aqueous bromine is **decolorized**
If an alkane is added, no change occurs because alkanes are saturated and inert.
76
Complete the positive test result for this hydrocarbon:
Ethene
C2H4 + Br2 + H2O → C2H4BrOH + HBr
Ethene + bromine + water → bromoethanol + hydrogen bromide
77
Complete:
Ethene + bromine(s)
Ethene + bromine(s) → 1,2 dibromoethane
78
How are alkanes formed?
Through hydrogenation
79
What does hydrogenation entail?
Write a general chemical formula
Alkene + hydrogen →alkane
80
What are the conditions during this hydrogenation reaction:
Ethene + hydrogen → ethane
150 to 300 degrees Celsius
Nickel catalyst
81
Complete:
Ethanoic acid + reactive metal
Ethanoic acid + reactive metal → salt (metal ethanoate) + hydrogen
82
Complete:
Ethanoic acid + base →
Ethanoic acid + base → salt (metal ethanoate) + water
83
Complete:
Ethanoic acid + metal carbonate →
Ethanoic acid + metal carbonate → metal ethanoate + water + carbon dioxide
84
Whats the chemical reaction for the cracking of the long chain molecule from petroleum to 2 different alkenes?
C10H22 → C4H8 + 2C3H6 + H2
85
How is ethanol manufactured?
Catalytic addition of steam
86
What are the 3 conditions for the catalytic addition of steam to ethene to form ethanol?
300 degrees Celsius
6000 kPa
Phosphoric acid catalyst
87
Whats the chemical reaction for manufacturing of ethanol:
C2H4 (g) + H2O (g) → C2H5OH (g)
88
Whats the trend for densities, melting point, boiling point, down a group on the periodic table?
Increases
EXCEPT
For GROUP 1/ ALKALIS
Mp, bp, decreases down the group
89
Whats the trend for reactivity of metals down a group?
Increases
90
Whats the trend for reactivity of non-metals down a group?
Decreases
91
Metallic character increases down across/ up across the periodic table?
Down across (from upper right corner to bottom left)
92
What is electron affinity?
The energy change that occurs when an electron is added to an atom
Opposite of ionization energy
93
What is ionization energy?
The energy needed to remove an electron from an atom
Smaller the atom is, the higher the ionization energy
94
What is the trend for electron affinity?
Down a group: DECREASES (more positive e.af.)
From left to right: INCREASES (more negative e.af)
95
What is the trend for ionization energy?
Down a group: DECREASES
From left to right: INCREASES
96
Whats the trend for atomic radius?
Down a group: INCREASES
Left to right: DECREASES
97
What is electron negativity?
The ability of an atom to attract electrons to itself
98
What is the trend for electron negativity:
Down a group: DECREASES
Left to right: INCREASES
99
How does metallic character change across a period?
Metallic lattice → giant covalent structure → simple molecular gasses
Metal oxides → non-metal oxides
Basic oxides → Acidic oxides
100
101
How are oxides of nitrogen formed?
Oxygen reacts with nitrogen at night temps
Lighting
102
What adverse effect does oxides of nitrogen cause?
Acid rain
Photochemical smog
103
How can oxides of nitrogen be removed from the air?
React w carbon monoxide in catalytic converter
104
How is carbon dioxide formed?
Complete combustion
105
What is an adverse effect of carbon dioxide?
Global warming
106
How can you reduce carbon dioxide form the environment?
Plant trees
107
Whats the equation for photosynthesis?
6CO2 + 6H20 → C6H12O6 + 6O2
108
How is carbon monoxide formed?
Incomplete combustion
109
What is the adverse effect of carbon monoxide?
Toxic
Binds to hemoglobin and prevents O2 from being transported around the body
110
How can you get rid of carbon monoxide?
Catalytic converter
111
What releases sulfur dioxide?
Burning of fossil fuels
112
What is one adverse effect of sulfur dioxide?
Acid rain
113
How can you remove sulfur dioxide from the atmosphere?
React it with water to form acidic solution
AND react with calcium oxide
Acid-base reaction DESULFURISATION
114
What creates methane gas?
Waste products of livestock
Decomposition of waste landfills
115
Name one adverse effect of methane gas?
Global warming
116
Give an equation for the combustion of methane:
CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O
117
What is the cause of particulates?
Incomplete combustion
118
Give one adverse effect of particulates:
Respiratory diseases and cancer
119
How can particulates be removed?
Trap fitted into diesel engines to remove particles from exhaughst gas
120
Give the 8 fractions of petroleum in order of lowest to highest boiling range:
Refinery gas
Petroleum (gasoline)
Naphtha
Paraffin (kerosene)
Diesel oil
Fuel oil
Lubricating oil
Bitumen
121
What temperature is refinery gas distilled at and what is it used for?
Bottled gas for heating and cooking
122
What temperature is petrol (gasoline) distilled at and what is it used for?
40
Used as fuel in cars
123
What temperature is naphtha distilled at and what is it used for?
110
Used as chemical feedstock
124
What temperature is paraffin (kerosene) distilled at and what is it used for?
180
Fuel for jet engine
Heating oil
125
What temperature is diesel oil distilled at and what is it used for?
260
Fuel in diesel engines
126
What is fuel oil used for?
Used in ships and home heating
127
What is lubricating oil used for?
Used in waxes and polishes
128
What temperature is bitumen distilled at and what is it used for?
340
Used for surfacing roads
129
130
List 3 barrier methods that prevent rust:
Painting
Oiling and greasing
Plastic coatings
Electroplating w tin (unreactive and nontoxic)/chromium
131
Define galvanizing:
The protection of iron r steel objects by coating with a layer of zinc
132
What type of rust prevention method is galvanizing?
Barrier and sacrificial
133
What is the difference between barrier and sacrificial protection against rust?
Barrier
Prevents metal from coming into contact with air or water
If barrier broken metal will still rust
Sacrificial
Method of rust protection involving the attachment of blocks of metal more reactive than iron to a structure. This metal is corroded rather than the iron or steel structure
134
Define distillation:
Process of boiling a liquid and then condensing the vapor produced back into a liquid
Used to purify liquids and to separate liquids from solutions
135
Define electrolyte:
An ionic compound that will conduct electricity when it is in molten or aqueous state.
136
Define electrolysis:
Breakdown of a molten or aqueous ionic compound by the use of electricity.
137
Define chromatography:
A technique employed
for the separation of mixtures
of dissolved substances
which was originally used to separate dyes
138
Define chromatogram
The result of a paper chromatography run, showing where the spots of the samples have moved to
139
Define fractional distillation:
A method of distillation using a fractionating column , used to separate liquids with different boiling points
140
Define fractionating column:
A vertical column which is used to bring about the separation of liquids in fractional distillation
141
Define isomers:
Compounds that have the same molecular formulae but different structural formulae
142
Define simple distillation:
A distillation method for separating the liquid solvent from a solution containing dissolved solids
143
Define saturated solution:
A solution that contains as much dissolved solute as possible at a particular temperature
144
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