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PTE > Religion, Peace And Conflict > Flashcards

Religion, Peace And Conflict Flashcards

1
Q

What is war?

A

Fighting between nations to resolve the issues between them

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2
Q

What are the 4 main beliefs about why war happens?

A
  • forgiveness
  • reconciliation
  • peace
  • justice
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3
Q

What are the beliefs about peace?

A
  • an absence of conflict
  • can be hard to achieve through war - aftermath = instability + resentment
  • Christians + Muslims - seek inner peace and tranquility through prayer + meditation
  • Prophet Isaiah - God will bring peace
  • Qur’an - emphasises peace
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4
Q

What are the beliefs about Justice?

A
  • what is right and fair according to the law - basis of many wars
  • Isaiah - God, the ultimate judge, will establish justice
  • linked to equality of opportunity - if more privileged parts are seen as cause of injustice, conflict can follow
  • Islam - ‘The Just’ is one of the 99 names of Allah
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5
Q

What are the beliefs about forgiveness?

A
  • pardoning someone for what they have done wrong - follows war
  • the Lord’s Prayer - forgive others if you want to be forgiven
  • Muslims + Christians - God offers forgiveness to all who ask in faith
  • forgiveness doesn’t mean do nothing to right a wrong - it should follow conflict in order to avoid future conflict
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6
Q

What are the beliefs about reconciliation?

A
  • restoring friendly relationships after war - should follow war
  • conscious effort to rebuild damaged relationship
  • important to prevent conflict
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7
Q

Key Bible quote about God being a good judge/justice?

A

“He will judge between the nations and will settle disputes for many peoples” - Isaiah 2:4

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8
Q

Key Qur’an quote on peace?

A

“The servants of the Lord of Mercy are those who walk humbly on earth, and who, when aggressive people address them, reply with words of peace” - Qur’an 25:63

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9
Q

What do Christians believe about war?

A
  • killing is wrong, but many Christians prepared to fight for their faith/country
  • some like Quakers believe war is always wrong and work to prevent it - pacifists
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10
Q

What do Muslims believe about war?

A
  • Islam = peace (salam means peace or safety)
  • fighting in self defence/defence of faith can be justified but fighting without just cause is against the will of God and Muslim teachings
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11
Q

what are some reasons for war?

A
  • greed - selfish desire for something
  • self-defence - acting to prevent harm to yourself or others
  • retaliation - deliberately harming someone in response to them harming you
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12
Q

why do countries start wars because of greed?

A
  • to gain more land/regain land previously lost
  • to control important resources like oil
  • to deprive the enemy of their main source of income
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13
Q

why do countries start wars because of self-defence?

A
  • to defend the country against invasion/defend allies under threat
  • to defend values, beliefs and ways of life
  • to defeat evil eg. genocide
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14
Q

why do countries start wars because of retaliation?

A
  • to fight against a country that has done something very wrong
  • to fight against a country that has attacked/damaged your country
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15
Q

key Bible + Qur’an quotes about greed?

A
  • Bible: “For the love of money is the root of all kinds of evil” - 1 Timothy 6:10
  • Qur’an: “God does not like arrogant, boastful people, who are miserly… hiding the bounty God has given them” - Qur’an 4:36-37
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16
Q

key Bible + Qur’an quotes about self-defence?

A
  • Bible: “Do not repay anyone evil for evil… If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone” - Romans 12:17-19
  • Qur’an: “Those who have been attacked are permitted to take up arms because they have been wronged - God has the power to help them” - Qur’an 22:39
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17
Q

key Bible + Qur’an quotes about retaliation?

A
  • Bible: “Do not resist an evil person. If anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to them the other cheek also” - Matthew 5:39
  • Qur’an: “saves lives for you and may guard yourselves” - Qur’an
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18
Q

what are nuclear weapons?

A

they are weapons that work by a nuclear reaction - they devastate huge areas and kill large numbers of people

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19
Q

when were nuclear bombs last used?

A
  • in Hiroshima and Nagasaki by US forces during WW2
  • 140000 died in Hiroshima alone
  • Japan surrendered and that ended the war - justifiable?
  • since then many countries have developed nuclear weapons as a deterrent (to prevent attack)
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20
Q

what are 2 types of weapons of mass destruction?

A
  • chemical weapons - use chemicals that poison, burn or paralyse humans + destroy the environment
  • biological weapons - release living organisms/infective material that can lead to disease or death
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21
Q

can chemical weapons be used?

A
  • Chemical Weapons Convention (1993) - production, stockpiling + use of these weapons is illegal worldwide
  • thought to have been used in Iraq and Syria
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22
Q

can biological weapons be used?

A

they are illegal but many countries have them

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23
Q

what are Christian beliefs on nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction?

A
  • only God has the right to end life
  • all kill lots of innocent civilians so their use can never be justified
  • “eye for an eye” can justify war but not weapons of mas destruction
  • some - nuclear weapons possession is a deterrent - maintains peace + prevents attack
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24
Q

key Bible quote on nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction?

A

“You shall not murder” - Exodus 20:13

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25
Q

key Qur’an quotes on nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction?

A
  • “Do not contribute to your destruction with your own hands but do good, for God loves those who do good” - Qur’an 2:195
  • “Fight in God’s cause against those who fight you, but do not overstep the limits; God does not love those who overstep the limits” - Qur’an 2:190
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26
Q

what are Muslim beliefs on nuclear weapons and weapons of mass destruction?

A
  • God created all life on earth - Muslim duty to care + preserve it
  • nuclear weapons would destroy God’s creation + kill millions of people
  • some - nuclear weapons possession is deterrent to maintain peace + prevent attack
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27
Q

Christian Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament key facts?

A
  • linked to Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament
  • supports Abolition 2000 - signed agreement committing the world to eliminate nuclear weapons to a fixed timetable
  • newsletters, events to raise awareness, promote need to pray for peace and nuclear disarmament
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28
Q

what is Lesser Jihad?

A

the outward struggle to defend one’s faith, family and country of threats - obliges Muslims to fight under certain conditions

29
Q

what are the rules in Islam for when a war should be fought? (devised by Abu Bakr)

A
  1. war is last resort after diplomacy has failed
  2. must be as self-defence from aggression from others
  3. decision to fight made by appropriate religious leader
  4. to protect, not to gain territory - just cause
  5. can join a conflict to help another Muslim nation under threat
  6. when Muslims are tyrannized in another place
30
Q

what are the rules in Islam for how a war should be fought?

A
  • no treachery/going astray from the right path
  • no mutilation of dead bodies
  • children, women + old men should be spared
  • fruit bearing trees shouldn’t be harmed
  • animals killed only for food
  • devout religious not to be harmed
31
Q

what is just war?

A

a war which meets the internationally accepted criteria for fairness, following traditional Christian rules, now widely accepted - developed by Augustine and Thomas Aquinas

32
Q

what are the rules about what makes a war just? (jus ad bellum)

A
  1. be fought for a just cause - self-defence/to defend others
  2. be declared by proper legal authority
  3. have a just intention - promote good/defeat wrongdoing
  4. be a last resort
  5. have reasonable chance of success - good must outweigh evil of war
  6. be proportional - don’t use excessive force
33
Q

what are the rules about how just war must be fought? (jus in bello)

A
  • distinction - innocent + civilians must not be harmed
  • proportionality - force should be appropriate + proportional to force from enemy
  • Necessity - force should be used to secure military advantage
34
Q

key Qur’an quote on violence?

A

“Do not take life that God has made sacred” - Qur’an
“Do not kill each other, for God is merciful to you” - Qur’an 4:29

35
Q

key Bible quote on violence?

A

“Thou shalt not kill” - Bible
“Love you neighbour” - Bible

36
Q

what does UK law say about protest?

A
  • protest is a fundamental democratic freedom
  • an be in public
  • peaceful marches can happen if police are informed 6 days earlier to prevent violence from it
37
Q

What do Christians and Muslims believe about violence and protest?

A
  • Christians - protest to achieve what is right is ok as long as it isn’t violent - eg. Mratin Luther King Jr protested against unjust racial laws
  • Islam - fighting is only allowed in self defence/defence of the faith if someone is actively fighting against you
  • no faith promotes violence but have teachings where it is justified
38
Q

Qur’an quote on violence and killing people?

A

“Do not kill each other, for God is merciful to you. If any of you does these things out of hostility and injustice, We shall make him suffer Fire” - Qur’an 4:29-30

39
Q

Bible quote on violence and protest?

A

“Do not pay anyone evil for evil … If it is possible, as far as it depends on you, live at peace with everyone” - Romans 12:17-19

40
Q

what is the difference between a protest and a riot?

A
  • protest = expression of disapproval often in a group
  • riot = a more violent protest, usually unplanned
41
Q

what happened in the Tottenham Riots 2011?

A
  • a local man was killed in Tottenham - led to peaceful march in protest - led to rioting, looting and criminal damage in London and other cities
  • 3 Muslim men were killed in Birmingham while trying to protect a petrol station
  • llocal authority response - repair tensions and division in the community
  • religious response - Muslims + Sikhs didn’t do any violence since it would make things worse and discourage others from violence too
  • LA + religious leaders worked together to prevent a repeat
42
Q

What is terrorism?

A
  • unlawful use of violence, often against innocent civilians, to achieve a political goal
  • eg. suicide bombers, gunmen shooting into crowds
  • threat is used to influence govts or scare the public
  • includes actions outside the UK
  • terrorists often associate their actions with religion but no religion promotes terrorism
  • defined in the Terrorism Act 2010
43
Q

What do religious believers believe about terrorism?

A
  • Christians + Muslims - terrorist actions are wrong, especially because the victims are innocent
  • Muslims - terrorism is against the wish of God + no justification of it in the Qur’an
44
Q

What do Hindus believe about dharma?

A
  • it is the duties a Hindu should follow and is one of the 4 aims of life
  • protect people in the kingdom - “If you do not engage in this righteous battle then both your personal dharma and your honour will be destroyed and you will accumulate sin” - Bhagavad Gita 2:33
  • Gods and Goddesses use violence to overcome evil - eg. Durga Mata fights like a tigress
  • it is everyone’s duty to protect the innocent so if violence is used it is necessary so acceptable
45
Q

What do Hindus believe about ahimsa?

A
  • violence in any form is bad and wrong - even harming a small creature
  • shared belief with Buddhism + Sikhism
  • “I see neither bravery nor sacrifice in destroying life or property for offence or defence” - Mahatma Gandhi
  • links to karma - some believe any violent action from them will make them a victim of violence in this life or another life
46
Q

What is holy war?

A

fighting for a religious cause or God, probably controlled by a religious leader

47
Q

What do Christians and Muslims believe about holy war?

A
  • must be authorized by a religious leader with great authority
  • only be fought to defend the faith from attack
  • those who take part will receive spiritual rewards (may go straight to heaven/Paradise)
48
Q

what are some examples of Holy war used in Christianity?

A
  • Old Testament battles where God help the Israelites settle in the Promised Land
  • 14th Century Crusades to reclaim the Holy Land (Christians + Muslims believed God waws on their side)
  • not really used any more
49
Q

what are some examples of Holy War used in Islam?

A
  • Crusades led by Saladin to defend holy cities like Jerusalem
  • during Muhammad’s time when the Qur’an was written in order to defend the faith and help it survive.
  • must meet the criteria for a just war
50
Q

when is religion a cause for violence in the modern age?

A
  • not often for either religion anymore
  • The Troubles in NI - conflict between Catholics and Protestants led to violence against each community (more political though)
  • al-Qaeda and ISIS - Muslim idea of holy wat to wage civil war + terrorism
51
Q

What do Christians believe about violence?

A
  • Old testament - retaliation is acceptable - “eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth” (Exodus) - but was intended to limit retaliation to an individual rather than the whole tribe
  • Jesus taught that violence and the anger that leads to it is wrong
  • Jesus is a good example of non-violence
52
Q

Bible quote against violence?

A

“‘Put your sword back in its place,’ Jesus said, ‘for all who draw the sword die by the sword’” - Matthew 26:52

53
Q

what do Muslims believe about using violence?

A
  • holy war must follow Just war criteria
  • can only be declared by proper religious leader
  • can’t be to force people to convert to Islam
  • must be fought for God and not a show of power for a leader
54
Q

Qur’an quote about using violence to fight wars?

A

“Fight in God’s cause against those who fight you, but do not overstep the limits: God does not love those who overstep the limits” - Qur’an 2:190

55
Q

What is pacifism?

A

The belief of people who refuse to take part in war or any other form of violence under any circumstances

56
Q

What do pacifist believe and why?

A

What:
- war and violence are rarely justified - conflict can be settled peacefully
- better to prevent war by promoting peace and justice and praying

Why:
- religious faith
- sanctity of life
- war is wasteful + ineffective
- must have action to promote human rights and justice too - not just against war

57
Q

What is peacemaking?

A

the action of trying to establish peace

58
Q

What do Christians believe about pacifism?

A
  • some are pacifist eg. Relgiious Society of Friends (Quakers)
  • during WW1 and WW2 they became conscientious objectors - refused to fight and got punished
  • 16000 in wW1, 59000 in WW2
  • they took on roles like cooks, doctors, nurses, mechanics etc. eg. the Friends Ambulance Unit
59
Q

Bible quote about peacemaking?

A

“Blessed are the peacemakers for they shall be called the children of God” - Matthew 5:9

60
Q

Muslim beliefs about pacifism?

A
  • it is a religion of peace but not pacifism - duty of Jihad + instruction in the Qur’an
  • must not refuse peace if offered
  • seek inner peace through submission to God’s will and being part of the Ummah
61
Q

Qur’an quote about peace and pacifism?

A
  • “Fighting has been ordained for you, though it is hard for you” - Qur’an 49:9
  • “But if they [non-believers] incline towards peace, you [Prophet] must also incline towards it, and put your trust in God” - Qur’an 8:61
62
Q

What is a Christian organisation working for peacemaking?

A
  • Anglican Peace Fellowship
  • work to overcome inequality and injustice that leads to war withing and between nations
  • sponsors Week of Prayer for World Peace, contributes to peace-related events, raises awareness of the issue of pacifism
  • “We believe that as Christians we are called to follow the way of Jesus in living our enemies and becoming peacemakers”
63
Q

What is a Muslim organisation working for peacemaking?

A
  • Muslim Peace Fellowship
  • works against injustice and for peace locally + globally
  • affirms commitment to peace on behalf of all Muslims
  • tries to deepen understanding of Muslim teachings about peace through publications and world to develop non-violent strategies for issues in society
64
Q

who can victims of war be?

A
  • ijured members of the armed forces
  • families of those who died/were injured in war
  • civilians in war-zones where everything is destroyed
  • refugees from war-torn countries
65
Q

what might victims of war need?

A
  • psychological support
  • money if the main earner has died
  • safe place to live
  • medical help for injuries
  • access to food and clean water
  • ways to earn a living
66
Q

Why might Christians help victims of war?

A
  • it is compassionate - “Love you neighbor”
  • the Parable of the Good Samaritan - everyone is each other’s neighbor no matter what race, age, gender political or religious belief
67
Q

Why might Muslims help victims of war?

A
  • “Whoever saves a life, it is as if they saved the life of all mankind” - Qur’an 5:32
  • principles like empathy, compassion, generosity and helping those in need
68
Q

What is a Christian organisation that helps victims of war?

A
  • Christian Aid
  • works to end poverty and promotes human rights, peace and justice so that war is prevented
  • raises money to support local organisations that help refugees in places like Gaza, Afghanistan and Syria
69
Q

What is a Muslim organisation that helps victims of war?

A
  • Islamic Relief
  • short term aid to victims of war during disasters + emergencies
  • work with communities to strengthen and prepare them in the long term

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