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SOR II > Religion Post-1945 > Flashcards

Religion Post-1945 Flashcards

1
Q

Animism

A
  • Animism is the belief that all natural objects have a spirit or soul independent of their physical being
  • Natural events could be attributed to the actions of the spirits
  • One of the main purposes of animism is to appease the spirits so they will stop bringing calamity
  • Those who practise animism are known as Animists
  • Animism is often associated with prehistoric or preliterate societies
  • Most religions have an animistic basis
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2
Q

Polytheism

A
  • Means worship of many gods
  • Those who worship many gods are known as Polytheists
  • Animist spirits take on physical form or identity
  • How could one god possibly oversee everything?
  • Gods often have a physical representation - commonly animal or person
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3
Q

Monotheism

A
  • Monotheism literally means worship of ONE God’
  • This God is understood to be the creator of the universe
  • Typically, this God is understood to be an all-knowing and ever-present being
    Monotheistic religions include Judaism,
    Christianity and Islam
    Emphasises the transcendent view of
    God
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4
Q

Social Cohesion

A
  • Provides meaning and purpose
  • Plays an important part in reinforcing and maintaining social structures, values and customs
  • Offers emotional support - can offer comfort, a better view of the future or support
  • Offers emotional support by being a constant in life
  • For the individual or community
  • On the negative side, can also seem to be controlling
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5
Q

Meaning and purpose for the individual

A

Human experience is characterised by a
search for understanding of the great
questions of life:
O origin
O purpose
O destiny of humankind.

An individual’s belief in a religious
tradition affects all dimensions of the
adherent’s life. It provides:
O certainty
O identity and community

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6
Q

Denominational Switching

A

Movement between Christian groups mainly Protestant/Anglican - is referred to as ‘denominational switching.
Many young people are attracted to the Pentecostal churches.
Some examples include Hillsong and Christian City Church - contemporary worship

Effect - statistics show that some denominations are declining, e.g. Anglican, while some are growing, e.g. Pentecostal.

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7
Q

Changing Patterns of Religious Adherence

A

Statistics are collected by the Australian Bureau of
- Statistics in a census held every five years.

Research groups such as the Christian Research Association (CRA) and National Church Life Survey (NCLA) also collect and analyse statistics.

They show:
- a steady decline in the number of people
adhering to Christianity - still the largest religious tradition

38.9% said NO RELIGION (2021) —> %30.1 (2016)

Islam has increased from 1.5% (2001) and 2.6% (2016)

Christianity 52.1% (2016) —> 43.9% (2021)

  • an increase in the number of people identifying with Orthodox Christianity, Islam, Buddhism and Hinduism
  • other religions - total under 10% growth of secularism.
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8
Q

Impact Of Immigration

A

Post-World War II
- A growth in the number of Catholics from Italy and Western Europe.
- An increase in the number of Eastern Orthodox churches.

Since the abolishment of the Immigration Restriction Act, or ‘White Australia Policy’, in 1973, there has been an increasing number of
- Buddhists - South-East Asia
- Muslims - Indonesia and the Middle East
- Hindus - Indian Sub-continent.

Leading to a multi-faith/multicultural Australia

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9
Q

NSW Ecumenical Council

A

Ecumenism

‘The NSW Ecumenical Council comprises seventeen (Catholic, Protestant and Orthodox)

Christian churches from New South Wales and
the Australian Capital Territory, committed to
peace and reconciliation, and to express a
common voice on issues of concern in Australia

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10
Q

The National Council Of Churches Australia

A

Ecumenism

The NCCA is a group of 19 Christian Churches gathered from across Australia who share a common faith and acknowledgment in Jesus Christ as God and Saviour. They also believe that the future of Christians in Australia lies together, not in separation.

ATSI Development Fund —> provided

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11
Q

New Age Religions

A

New Age religion not a religion as such; it
can be considered a blend (syncretism) of
many religious and/or philosophical ideas.

  • Thought to be a response to an increasingly materialistic world and growing dissatisfaction with traditional religion.
  • No formal structure, texts, doctrines
  • Examples include astrology, tarot card readings, using crystals for healing and meditation
  • Blend of very old religions and Eastern mysticism as well as holistic health
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12
Q

Scientific Progress

A
  • In some ways, scientific progress has created more interest in religion - both positive and negative influences.
  • Traditional and New Age religions share some concerns about scientific progress.
  • Some new religions often look to self-sufficiency in order to avoid technology.
  • Science seems to have found answers often found in religion.
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13
Q

Growth of Ecological Awareness

A
  • New religions often promote care for the
    Earth.
  • Examples of ecological awareness can be seen in the policies of such political groups as the Greens and lobby groups such as Greenpeace.
  • Rediscovery of the ecological teachings of such people as the Christian leaders Hildegard of Bingen and St Francis of Assisi.
  • Ecological awareness emphasised by new
    religions rather than traditional religious
    traditions.
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14
Q

Disenchantement of ‘Traditional’ Religious Practice and Guidance

A
  • More Australians are opting for the ‘No Religion’ answer on the census
  • People are less likely to accept membership of religious traditions simply because they were born
    into them.
  • Mainstream religion has been replaced by consumerism, materialism and sometimes other
    commitmenis such as soon.
  • Issues such as sexism and child abuse have led
    to disenchantment with traditional religion.
  • A growing sense that people need to feel that
    they gain something from their religion (individualism) has replaced loyalty to an organisation.
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15
Q

Humanism

A

Humanism
A general term that refers to the philosophy of life that emphasises the human spirit and the dignity of the human person.
Famous Humanists have included:
- Confucius
- Voltaire
- Fred Hollows

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16
Q

Agnosticism

A

Agnostics
- Do not believe in or disbelieve in the existence of a divine power. They are unsure.
- Say that the most important goal in life is to look after people and the planet.
- Arque that conscience is linked to an individual’s understanding of pleasure and pain, and to how that person would like to be treated by others
- ‘Weak atheism’.

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17
Q

Atheism

A

Atheists
- Do not believe in the concept of god/gods. They believe this is unproven.
- Often make a conscious decision NOT to believe in a god.
- Do follow a moral code of conduct; they believe in the law and social responsibility.
- Arrive at the decision of what is right or wrong, good or bad, without the help of any divine power.

18
Q

Mabo

A
  • Eddie Koiki Mabo - Meriam people of the Torres Strait.
  • 3 June 1992 - the High Court of Australia Mabo decision.
  • Important for recognition of First Nations’ land
    rights.
  • Under Australian law, Indigenous peoples have
    land rights - rights to land that existed before
    colonisation and that still exist.
  • Threw out the legal fiction that when Australia
    was ‘discovered’ by Captain James Cook in
    1788, it was terra nullius, or an empty land.
  • Land could not be ‘alienated by statute’ and
    ongoing access to the land was required.
19
Q

Ceremonial Life

A

Aboriginal ceremonial life centres on The
Dreaming, and re-enactment and telling of
story through dance, song, music and
mime
Often associated with ‘rites of passage’
e.g. initiation or death rites

20
Q

Kinship

A

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander systems of kinship govern social interactions, including
marriage.

All forms of social interaction are determined by complex kinship laws that determine the place of each individual and their relationships within their community.

21
Q

Native Tite

A

1993

  • December 1993, the Native Title Act passed through the federal parliament.
  • The Act put into law what the Mabo decision had said and made native title claims possible.
  • The Act established a National Native Title Tribunal and set out processes for the determination of native title rights over and dealings on native title land.
22
Q

Wik

A

1996

  • Wik people of Cape York in Queensland and Thayorre people.
  • Native title could ‘co-exist’ with current pastoral leases on cattle and sheep stations and mining leases - referred to as co-existence.
  • When pastoralists, miners and Aboriginal peoples’ rights are in conflict, the leaseholder’s rights prevail.
23
Q

Dreaming

A

The Dreaming refers to the knowledge base and understanding of Aboriginal peoples. It incorporates beliefs and relationships between people and with the environment. It embodies the past, the present and the future.

The Dreaming is the source of the Law and
lore of Aboriginal society.

24
Q

Rational Humanism

A
  • Emphasises the use of human reason in order to provide answers to the questions of life.
  • Believes that doing good for others is
    the obvious way to show respect, because rationally it is the best way to
    behave.
  • The mind - reason - rationality
25
Q

Scientific Humanism

A
  • Emphasises that reality can be discovered through scientific research and experimentation - the ‘scientific method’.
  • Believes that reality can be measured.
    and that things which cannot be seen or measured should be discarded. e.g. emotion, beauty or thought, religion.

Science - research - experimentation.

26
Q

Assimilation

A
  • The idea that Aboriginal peoples should be ‘improved’ by becoming ‘civilised’, able to live in the dominant European/Australian culture and converted to Christianity.
  • From the 1930s, assimilation was
    government policy.
27
Q

Disposession

A

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander taken away or forced from their traditional land, their economic base, their way of life, their family and culture.

This has led to many losses - family, custom, language and kinship.

28
Q

Effects of Disposession in modern day

A

Compared with non-Indigenous Australians, Indigenous Australians:
- are overrepresented in prison experience socioeconomic hardship
- are educationally disadvantaged
- are more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol
- use government services more extensively
- have a lower life expectancy experience higher rates of infant mortality.

29
Q

Terra Nullius

A

A legal theory - meaning Australia was
perceived as ‘a territory belonging to no one’ or ‘over which no one claims
ownership’. In the past, this concept was used to justify the colonisation of
Australia.

Terra nullius was declared a ‘legal fiction’ by the Mabo decision.

30
Q

Obligations to the Land and People

A
  • Aboriginal people believe they are related to the land - the land ‘owns’ the people.
  • This gives them both rights and responsibilities - stewardship of the
    land.
  • In the land, they can see all evidence of their ancestor spirit beings.
  • Identity is linked to their ‘country’
31
Q

Immigration Year Dates

A

1901 - Immigration Restriction Act -More commonly known as White Australia Policy’
1945 - World War Il ends - migrants sought
1951 - Assisted immigration: agreements are established with Italy, Germany, Greece and Austria
1973-75 - Abolition of White Australia
Policy’
Increased Middle East and Asian migration

32
Q

Immigration Facts

A
  • Australia, a nation of migrants
  • Post-war migration significantly changed the Australian religious landscape - Orthodox and Catholic Christians
  • Post-1970s migration patterns indicate that migrants are arriving from South-East Asia and the Middle East - Buddhism, Islam and Hinduism
33
Q

Secular

A
  • Attitudes, activities, or other things that have no religious or spiritual basis
  • Secularism is growing in Australia
  • Active seeking to separate church
    and state
34
Q

Ecumenism

A
  • The principle or aim of promoting unity among the world’s Christian churches
  • Christian churches working together at local, regional and national levels
  • Can be informal - e.g. SRE in schools
  • Can be structural - e.g. Uniting Church
  • NSW Ecumenical Council
  • National Council of Churches in Australia
35
Q

Uniting Church

A
  • Formed 22 June 1977
  • Methodist Church of Australasia, the Presbyterian Church of Australia and the Congregational Union of Australia came together
  • Some groups remained
  • Unique example of ecumenism
36
Q

Denomination

A
  • A religious denomination is a sub-
    group within a religion that operates
    under a common name, tradition and
    identity.
  • The term is most commonly used
    within Christianity.
  • Examples include the Anglican Church, Uniting Church, Roman Catholic Church, Baptist Church, Hillsong Church
37
Q

Interfaith Dialogue

A
  • The terms ‘interfaith’ or ‘interfaith
    dialogue’ refer to cooperative and positive interaction between people of different religious traditions.
  • Distinguish between interfaith dialogue and ecumenism.
  • The HSC Studies of Religion course is
    an example of interfaith dialogue.
38
Q

Sectarian

A
  • A practice that develops and improves the relationships between groups of people.
  • In Australia, it refers mainly to the
    ongoing relationship between Indigenous and non-Indigenous
    peoples.
39
Q

Key Reconcilliation Events

A

Key events in the reconciliation process:
- 3 June 1992 - Mabo decision
- 19 December 1993 - Parliament enacts Native Title Act
- December 1996 - Wik decision
- 10 February 2008 - Prime Minister Kevin Rudd apologises to Australia’s
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island
peoples for past injustices.

40
Q

Sectarian

A

Narrowly confined or devoted to a particular sect/religious worldview.

  • In Australia, this has mainly been Catholic and Protestant conflict
  • Often reflects political or ‘class’
    differences as well

Ecumenism is a way of overcoming
sectarianism.

SOR II (1 decks)

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