religion semester 1 EXAM

Question 1

what is a denomination

Answer 1

A distinct religious grouping that exists within a major religion

Question 2

describe an example of a denomination

Answer 2

catholicism - christianity

During early Christianity Jesus’s teachings were handed on by the Apostles as well as sacraments, and were presented in the language and culture of those it was preached to

This meant the sacraments and teachings of the apostles didn’t change, but the way in which they were expressed changes in different cultures/languages

These different ways of expression were called rites, and as a result the Catholic Church came into being

Question 3

what makes the Church Catholic

Answer 3

1. belief in the teachings of Jesus
2. celebration of the sacraments
3. apostolic succession: bishops will have the same
   mission and spiritual gifts Jesus gave to the apostles

Question 4

what was the east-west schism

Answer 4

1054

Separation between East and West churches into Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic

Occurred as a result of long rising tensions between Roman Church based in Rome and Byzantine Church based in Constantinople

Occurred because of many religious and political disputes

Each church recognized their own leaders before excommunication (PopelLeo IX led Roman Catholic, Michael Cerularius led Orthodox)

Question 5

what are 3 factors that led to the east-west schism

Answer 5

difference in theology

political disputes

difference in geography/culture

Question 6

explain the factor of ‘difference in theology’ that led to the schism

Answer 6

filioque cause: major factor in 11th century

The dispute centered around the Trinity doctrine and whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from God the Father alone or from the Father and the Son

Wording was originally “who proceeds from the Father” and Western Christians added on “from the son”

Pope Leo IX, leader of the Western Christians wouldn’t budge with his belief to add the wording into the creed

Michael Cerularius, leader of Eastern Christians refused to admit the word ‘Filioque’ into the creed,

eastern bishops accused western Pope and bishops of heresy

Both Churches forbade to use the other’s rites and excommunicated one another

Question 7

explain the factor of ‘political disputes’ that led to the schism

Answer 7

Struggle over ecclesiastical authority in the Church, particularly regarding whether the Pope in Rome held power over the patriarchs in the East

Rome argued for primacy of the Roman Pope since 4th century

Eastern leaders honored the Pope but refused to give him the power to determine policy for other jurisdictions or to alter decisions of the Ecumenical councils

Question 8

explain the factor of ‘difference in geography/culture’ that led to the schism

Answer 8

There were five patriarchs of religious authority: Rome, Antioch, Constantinople, Alexandria, Jerusalem

These religious centers expanded across large distances and the East spoke Greek and the West spoke Latin, so there were difficult language boundaries and problems

Churches began to disconnect with each other, as there were 5 patriarchs that held authority across different religions

Question 9

list some similarities between catholicism and orthodoxy

Answer 9

Share beliefs on certain core beliefs e.g. sinfulness of man, the Trinity and the physical resurrection of Christ

Both churches celebrate the 7 sacraments

Apostolic succession is extremely important and integral to both denominations

Same bible composition – 39 old testament, 27 new testament

Question 10

list some differences between catholicism and orthodoxy

Answer 10

Orthodox believes there is no Church leader as Jesus Christ is the leader of the Church, Catholicism believes the Pope is the figure head of the Church

In Orthodoxy all bishops are equal in power and jurisdiction, Catholicism has different bishops with different jurisdiction (e.g. archbishop, diocesan bishop)

Catholicism believes marriage is an unbreakable contract and re-marriage after divorce isn’t permitted, Orthodoxy believes marriage is a union and divorce is allowed in cases of adultery

In orthodox church female deaconesses are permitted, and deacons and priests are allowed to marry before ordination, unlike Catholicism where all clergy must be male and celibate

Question 11

define religious belief

Answer 11

a conviction about an idea central to a religion that expresses a religious truth

Question 12

what is the nature of religious beliefs

Answer 12

Religious beliefs offer insights and understanding about life

These find expression in a variety of religious teachings and practices

Question 13

list some insights and understanding that a religious belief (revelation) offers

Answer 13

Human beings were created to relate with their creator

By relating to him people can live a life that reflects God/participate in his plan for salvation

God created us to be in union with him/one another

God wants to restore our relationship of love/trust but often people break this through their own fault

Question 14

give examples of religious beliefs

Answer 14

belief in revelation

belief in the life, death and resurrection of Jesus Christ

belief in the Trinity

Question 15

Identify and define one religious belief

Answer 15

revelation

continuing and dynamic process by which God communicate personally with people

process by which every generation has come to know God personally

Question 16

what is the nature of revelation

Answer 16

• Main purpose: enable people to share in God’s life
• We are made to know, love and serve God
• We can know God only because he reveals himself
• God reveals all truths necessary for out salvation

Question 17

list 3 key features of revelation

Answer 17

God’s self revelation begins with creation

patriarchal covenant with Abraham and moses

Jesus Christ is the fullness of God’s self-revelation

Question 18

explain the key feature of revelation “gods self revelation begins with creation”

Answer 18

God’s self revelation to people starts from the beginning through his creation of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden

God revealed his nature, his desired relationship with humankind and his plan of Salvation

Today, people can recognise the existence of the creator when they reflect on the created universe

Question 19

explain the key feature of revelation “patriarchal covenant with abraham and moses”

Answer 19

God revealed his unconditional love to his people over time

E.g. revealing himself to Abraham and his descendants & choosing them to be God’s own people

e.g. revealing himself to Moses and the Israelites through the Mt Sinai covenant

The process by which God has led every generation to come to know him is called revelation; it is a personal revelation of God to humanity

The principle purpose for revelation is to enable people to share in God’s life

Question 20

what the key feature of revelation “jesus is the fullness of gods revelation”

Answer 20

The climax of God’s self-revelation is the life, death and resurrection of Jesus

Before Jesus he made his people aware that he would send one, known as the Messiah, to restore God’s kingdom

Jesus restored the kingdom of God, therefore making it possible for everyone to be free to relate closely with God through relating to Jesus

Jesus revealed that God would send the Holy Spirit to guide and strengthen his followers

Question 21

what informs the belief of revelation/where does it come from

Answer 21

Comes from the basic understanding that people were created by God and therefore created to relate with God and one another

We need to relate with God to participate in his plan for salvation because of the stain of original sin on humanity

Original sin leads to the inability of people to determine what it truly right

When people choose his faith God’s gift of grace becomes apart of us

Question 22

how does the belief of revelation find expression in a religion

Answer 22

find expression in catholicism

Find expression in religions through teachings and practices:

• Teaching of individual faith: each follower is
  allowing God to work in all aspects of their lives
• Practise of communal and personal prayer and
  worship:
• through participating in the reading of the
  Scripture, Old Testament, the prophets, through
  creation as well as in the New Testament
  through the life of Jesus to continue growing in
  an understanding of God.
• Practise of the sacraments e.g. through practise
  of Baptism

Question 23

what is a religious practise

Answer 23

A way of doing something religious, referring to a broad range of experiences that relate to many aspect of religious life.

E.g. ways of praying, styles of religious worship, specific places and rituals. These will often use religious signs and symbols.

Question 24

what are religious signs and symbols

Answer 24

represent and convey meaning about beliefs

Signs represent and point to something else

symbols are complex, tangible items that represent reality and convey a number of meaning.

They’re used to communicate what is complex and difficult to fully comprehend.

Question 25

what is a religious ritual

Answer 25

Use symbolic actions such as movement, gesture and words to express what is important about faith For Catholics, rituals help people enter into the mystery of their faith.

Question 26

define baptism

Answer 26

A religious practice that contains signs, symbols and rituals These features of Baptism express what is important about faith and allow the community to come together to participate in the divine life of God, and thus enter into the mystery of faith.

Question 27

list 3 key features of Baptism

Answer 27

Origins of baptism baptism is performed to initiate people into the church rituals and symbols

Question 28

describe the key features of the origins of baptism

Answer 28

Baptism find it’s origins in the Old Testament, based on the purification of rites that have been performed by Jews since the time of Moses. Continues through the New testament through Jesus and John the Baptist Baptism is a rites of passage and one of the 7 sacraments Performed to initiate people into the Church The word ‘Baptism’ comes from the Greek word ‘Baptizo’ or ‘Baptizein’ meaning to immerse

Question 29

describe the key feature that 'baptism is performed to initiate people into the Church'

Answer 29

People receive forgiveness of sins, cleansing of original sin, the gift of the Holy Spirit and become a member of the Lord’s Church - People are cleansed of original sin because original separates us from God, and we find it difficult to make moral decisions that reflect the will of God. With the cleansing of original sin, we are brought into the Church - And share in Christ's role as priest, prophet and king Christians are saved and set free – necessary for salvation Body’s become a temple for the Holy Spirit Through Baptism one dies and rises in new life with Christ Christians become more like Christ as they respond to the gifts of Baptism

Question 30

describe the key features of 'rituals and symbols are used in baptism"

Answer 30

Water (ritual and symbol): life giving and used for cleaning, being washed clean by water and cleansed of original sin Congregation: total church community Oil of catechumens: healing and setting aside the candidate for God Oil of Chrism: consecration and beginning of the baptised person’s missionary responsibilities Sign of baptism: saying the words ‘I baptise you in the name of the father and of the son and of the Holy Spirit’ as water is poured over their head After baptism a series of other rituals are performed to reinforce what it means to be a follower of Jesus - E.g. clothing of white garment, lighting of baptismal candle

Question 31

explain what the rite of baptism for children is

Answer 31

During the 4th century infant baptism became a common place incase the child died before they were baptized and couldn't be saved. This then began the Rite of Baptism for Children. At the beginning of the rite of baptism for children they're steps taken as reminders that baptism is a choice and the child becomes part of God's family (the church). these are: - Parents are asked “what do you ask of the Church” and “what name have you given your child” - Celebrant makes the sing of the Cross on the child’s forehead and asks parents and godparents to do likewise Rite involves more steps as a reminder that faith needs, preparation, support and growth: - Liturgy of the Word: involves proclamation of the Word and intercessions - A prayer of exorcism - Anointing with the oil of catechumens - Profession of faith is said by all followed by baptism (pouring of water) After baptism a series of rituals reinforce what it means to be a follower of Jesus:  Clothing of white garment  Lighting of baptismal candle  Anointing with oil of chrism

Question 32

define creed

Answer 32

a formal statement of beliefs held by a religion

Question 33

define doctrine

Answer 33

a belief or set or beliefs held by a religion

Question 34

Give examples of some significant life events

Answer 34

Birth Development into adulthood Marriage Death

Question 35

What important questions does Birth prompt

Answer 35

questions about: unborn life parenthood the depth of personal joy

Question 36

What important questions does development into adulthood prompt

Answer 36

Questions about: How to be a more responsible adult discovering how to influence & make a difference future vocations & work

Question 37

What important questions does marriage prompt

Answer 37

questions about: commitment the path to future life personal priorities

Question 38

What important questions does death prompt

Answer 38

questions about: the nature of death personal life-style illness & suffering

Question 39

When is a person 'being religious'?

Answer 39

when people seek, search and think about the meaning of life and the reality of God

Question 40

what are the 3 categories of life experiences a person can encounter

Answer 40

the created world others the mystery of who they are

Question 41

How is the formation of the conscience supported for Catholics

Answer 41

studying: The life of Jesus The Scriptures teachings and beliefs of the apostles Christian moral teachings

Question 42

how can people recognise true religious experiences

Answer 42

Through using their consciences to evaluate their thoughts and feelings in the same way they evaluate moral actions

Question 43

What are the effects that genuine religious experiences of God have on people

Answer 43

1. Genuine experiences of God have long term effects. It will lead people to think more about their lives and behaviour 2. Religious experiences cannot be kept aside They don't lead people to exclude themselves from others. They incline people to be open to others These experiences need to be expressed to other e.g. in worship 3. true religious experiences relate to issues of daily life and don't lead us to en escape from reality.

Question 44

How do people find the answers to their important life questions

Answer 44

Although philosophers, theologians, scientists, musicians, artists and writers have all contributed to the search to make meaning in life, Many people turn to religions to answer questions about the meaning & purpose of life. e.g. Catholicism answers the question "is there life after death" as 'yes, there is eternal life.'

Question 45

what ROLE does religion play in important life events, questioning, searching and finding meaning?

Answer 45

contribute to individual's search for meaning & purpose in life many people find positive, life affirming answers in religion that give answers to human existence and life purpose

Question 46

what are some indicators that a person is religious

Answer 46

ethical: following guidelines e.g. religion's golden rule ritual: worship e.g. eucharist social: communal, belonging to a group e.g. parish, youth group material: architecture, clothing, art, symbols etc. experiential: experience where it is realised that there is more to life than meets the eye belief: sacred truths doctrinal: creeds or teachings are observed.

Question 47

what are the 5 largest religions in the world

Answer 47

christianity hinduism judaism islam buddhism

Question 48

what does 'religion' mean

Answer 48

A system of beliefs, values, rituals and worship shared by a number of people that guides how people live. every religion centres its ideas and activities on a transcendent being or beings these lead to expression in different beliefs, practises and teachings

Question 49

what does being spiritual mean

Answer 49

A person who is concerned with the immaterial and the transcendant.

Question 50

what does it mean to 'be religious'

Answer 50

Deeply personal matter, unexplainable but can be described as - what and how frequently a person practises elements of a religious way of life e.g. practises (prayer) - what a person says they believe in & how their behaviours match their religion - religious participation, adherence, observance, practise and identity

Question 51

How does a religion you have studied respond to peoples search for meaning and purpose in their life

Answer 51

christianity give meaning and purpose to Christians by teaching that the fundamental human vocation to relate to God We can learn to relate to God through prayer and through Jesus To relate to God, it is essential to for Christians to properly form their conscience through: prayer, studying the scripture and the life of Jesus, and moral practise as evident in the life of Christ once an intimate relationship is developed & sustained a person is called to discern their vocation in which they love and serve God and others

Question 52

How do religions see and respond to the process of answering significant life events questions

Answer 52

Religions respond through their actions and the experiences/support they provide Religions see this as a journey that people go on E.g. Christianity sees it as a human’s journey to find God and to have a deep, intimate relationship with him

Question 53

describe the place of religion in Australia over time

Answer 53

Australia has always been a religious place beginning with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people Forged sense of harmony and belonging in with the land Arrival of first fleet in 1788 brough Christianity (specifically, Anglican & a large number fo Irish Catholics as well as Judaism Although Church of England originally held privilege in politics, constitution now prevents government from interfering with freedom of religion Other denominations of Christianity set up churches in 19th century Australian gold rush brought Buddhist Chinese workers

Question 54

describe the place of religion in Australia today

Answer 54

Secular: Religious institutions are separate from political institutions, religions is largely seen as a private matter Multifaceted and diverse: Growth of new religions - Islamic, Buddhist, Hindu, Sikh Religious organisations play a significant role in public life: Protestant and Catholic churches pay integral role in welfare, education and health services Christian festivals of Easter and Christmas are public holidays 52. 2% of Australian reported as Christian in 2016 census 30. 1% stated no religion

Question 55

What is a significant event in the history of religion in Australia?

Answer 55

Second Vatican Council

Question 56

what is the nature of the second Vatican council/what is it

Answer 56

Most significant 20th century event in the Catholic Church Most recent ecumenical council to be held to its conclusion in over 400 years Composed of Catholic Bishops, Patriarchs, Cardinals and Abbots nominated by the Pope Announced January 25th 1959 pope john XXIII **aggornomento: opening the Church to dialogue with society

Question 57

What are the 3 most profound changes of Vatican II / 3 important documents

Answer 57

• Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy • Decree on Ecumenism • Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World

Question 58

Explain what the Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy is

Answer 58

December 4th 1963 Past: - The Liturgy was spoken in Latin which was incomprehensible to the people, so people were left feeling disconnected - Religious connection was reduced through the emphasis on pompous, high masses, losing sense of personal connection Future: - People had a clearer sense of their involvement in Mass: - People of God joined in divine worship: everyone taking an active part (common prayer, singing, common reception of Body of Christ) - Priest faces people rather than altar - Private masses deemphasized - Expanded Scripture readings with a richer, more varied arrangement and revision of liturgy - Mass spoken in language of the people rather than Latin - Purifying and tightening liturgical structure with emphasis on essentials

Question 59

Explain what the Decree on Ecumenism is

Answer 59

November 21st 1964 Past: - Attitude toward other Christians was hostile and defensive, they were seen as a danger to the Catholic faithful - Church tried to cover its own deficiencies - Little concern to understand other; common heritage was rarely mentioned Future: - Effort to understand other Christians and make Churches position understandable to them - Recognition for Church's division and shortcomings as well as common heritage - Other denominations recognized as Church communities and admitted that Catholicism can learn things from them - Sought ways to overcome divisions through common prayer and avoiding conflict and competition

Question 60

Explain what the Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World is

Answer 60

December 7th 1965 Past: - Growing separation between church and science - Church tried to defend and recover former position of dominance - Put the Church in a position of hostility toward the world, which regarded the Church as outmoded and like it didn't understand the rest of the world Future: - Church recognizes and is grateful for advancements in society but can't overlook dangers - Church is seen in solidarity with rest of world, sent for service of humanity - Constitution speaks of the origins of atheism - Emphasis on strong conjugal love and personal responsibility in marriage - Call for vigorous effort on behalf of the weak in society: aid to developing nations is urgent - Modern war is unmasked as a criminal enterprise

Question 61

What are the 3 most profound changes of Vatican II / 3 important documents

Answer 61

• Constitution of the Sacred Liturgy • Decree on Ecumenism • Pastoral Constitution of the Church in the Modern World

Question 62

define questions

Answer 62

A matter requiring resolution or discussion, in this instance, human heart questions.

Question 63

define secular

Answer 63

Religious institutions are separate from political institutions, religions is largely seen as a private matter

Question 64

what are the 3 viewpoints of religion's place in australia

Answer 64

Australia as Christian Australia as secular Australia as multifaith

Question 65

explain the viewpoint of Australia as Christian

Answer 65

historically and currently christian nation: values and culture are based of christian teachings these values are reflected in society in public institutions, legal system and social and political structures major christian feasts e.g. easter, christmas are marked by society christian heritage is central to how Australia deals with immigration, legislation, social norms and practises

Question 66

explain the viewpoint of Australia as multifaith

Answer 66

cultural and multifaithed (expressed by those of minority religions, civil society and christian organisations) demonstrated through accommodation for religious practises and dress, and education and understanding strong support for interfaith initiatives and believe that through education prejudice can be combatted promotes PLURALISM and tolerance in an educational way