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History - The Tudors - Edward VI > Religious Change > Flashcards

Religious Change Flashcards

(47 cards)

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1
Q

What was the Duke of Somerset’s personal religion?

A

Moderate Protestant

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2
Q

Summarise the Duke of Somerset’s religious policy

A

Cautious approach to Protestant reform

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3
Q

Why did Somerset choose to reform cautiously, not radically?

A

There were mixed religious beliefs in society

  • Privy Council: mainly reformers (e.g. Thomas Cranmer)
  • Bishops: split, despite most supporting royal supremacy
  • Wider population: mainly Catholic, but some Protestant
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4
Q

What percentage of London was Protestant at the start of Edward VI’s reign?

A

20%

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5
Q

Was Somerset right to take a cautious approach to religious reform?

A

No

Ended up angering both sides

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6
Q

Why were the Catholics angered by Somerset’s approach to religion?

A

Angry for any tolerance of Protestantism

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7
Q

Why were the Protestants angered by Somerset’s approach to religious reform?

A

Angry for slow pace of reform towards Protestantism

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8
Q

What was the religion under Edward VI?

A

Protestantism - most significant/radical under Northumberland than Somerset

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9
Q

What steps towards Protestantism were made under Somerset?

A
  • Treason Act (1547)
  • Chantries Act (1547)
  • Parishes ordered to obtain a copy of ‘Book of Homilies’ + ‘Paraphrases’
  • Injunctions issued to bishops (1547)
  • Act of Uniformity (1549)
  • First Book of Common Prayer (1549)
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10
Q

What was the Treason Act (1547)?

A
  • New treason act
  • More accepting of Protestantism
  • Repealed old laws about censoring Protestant ideas

(Under Somerset)

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11
Q

What was the Chantries Act (1547)?

A
  • Order to close chantries + seize their assets
  • A step on from the dissolution of the monasteries

(Under Somerset)

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12
Q

What were chantries?

A

Religious buildings where priests sang for souls of the dead

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13
Q

Who wrote the ‘Book of Homilies’ + what was it?

A
  • Book of sermons for use in services

- Written by Thomas Cranmer

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14
Q

Who was Thomas Cranmer?

A
  • Archbishop of Canterbury (under Henry VIII + Edward VI)

- Wrote Book of Homilies + both Books of Common Prayer

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15
Q

What was ‘Paraphrases’ + who was it written by?

A
  • Retelling the Bible in a simplified way

- Written by Erasmus

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16
Q

The introduction of which two texts became essential in parishes as part of the royal injunctions in the move towards Protestantism?

A
  • Book of Homilies (Sermons - by Cranmer)

- Paraphrases (simplified Bible - by Erasmus)

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17
Q

What were the Royal Injunctions (1547)?

A
  • List of instructions for clergy, given to bishops
  • Included: compulsory Sunday services, iconoclasm, having a copy of the Book of Homilies + Paraphrases

(Under Somerset)

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18
Q

What was iconoclasm?

A

The destruction of catholic images + statues

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19
Q

What was the Act of Uniformity (1549)?

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A

Official order for all clergy in England + Wales to adopt Protestant practices in their daily worship - E.g. Holy Communion given in English
(Under Somerset)

20
Q

What was the First Book of Common Prayer (1549)?

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A
  • English prayerbook written by Cranmer
  • Compromise between reformist Protestant ideas + conservative Catholic ideas
  • E.g. mainly Protestant but allowed Catholic transubstantiation practice (body + blood of Christ actually becomes bread + wine)
21
Q

What was the general countrywide opinion to Somerset’s cautious transition towards Protestantism?

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A
  • Wasn’t fully satisfying Protestants or Catholics
  • Most seemed to generally accept Protestant changes
  • Some opposition + disapproval of actions (e.g. disapproval of dissolution of chantries + First Book of Common Prayer - public rebellion in Western Rebellion)
22
Q

Why did people disapprove of the removal of chantries under Somerset?

Study These Flashcards
A

People were unable to sing for souls - removing their connection to the dead

23
Q

What rebellion was in part provoked by religious change under Somerset?

Study These Flashcards
A

Western Rebellion

24
Q

What was the personal religion of Northumberland?

Study These Flashcards
A

Moderate Protestant

Converted back to Catholicism by choice before his death

25
Summarise Northumberland’s religious policy
Radical approach to Protestant reform that left England a Protestant country + gained money from the Church
26
What were Northumberland’s 2 main aims regarding religion?
- Further Protestant reforms that Somerset cautiously started - Plunder more wealth from the Church
27
Why was Northumberland more radically Protestant?
He was influenced by a more Protestant, radical reformist majority than Somerset had been
28
Give some examples of groups/individuals who influenced Northumberland’s radical religious policy
- Edward VI (raised a radical Protestant + becoming older so more influential) - Thomas Cranmer (began to move from a humanist stance in a more radical direction - influential as was Archbishop of Canterbury) - Radical senior clergy becoming more influential (e.g. Ridley + Hooper) - Radical continental reformers moved to England (e.g. Bullinger)
29
What was Edward VI’s religion?
Protestant
30
What is evidence that Edward VI personally advocated Protestantism?
His personal letters to Mary arguing over religion + his disapproval of her acceding him
31
What is the difference between Protestant humanist reformers + Protestant radical reformers?
- Humanists: believed in a more mild approach | - Radicals: believed in an abrupt, intense approach
32
What is evidence that Cranmer became more radical under Northumberland than Somerset?
The difference between the 1st and 2nd Books of Common Prayer (2nd much more radical + strictly Protestant)
33
Who was Nicholas Ridley?
- Bishop of Rochester - Radical reformer under Edward - Influenced Northumberland
34
Who was John Hooper?
- Bishop of Gloucester - Returned from the continent to become the most radical bishop under Edward VI - Viewed the humanist, mild approach taken under Somerset as ‘too soft’ - Influenced Northumberland
35
Who was Heinrich Bullinger?
- Radical continental reformer who moved to England - Zwinglian (radical Swiss version of Protestantism) - Influenced Northumberland
36
What were the radical reform actions taken under Northumberland?
- Conservatives removed (1549-50) - Treason Act (1552) - Second Act of Uniformity (1552) - Attack on Church wealth (1552) - Second Book of Common Prayer (1552) - The 42 Articles of Religion (issued 1553 - never implemented)
37
What was the removal of conservatives (1549-50)?
- Conservatives removed from gov - Key Catholic bishops imprisoned (e.g. Gardiner + Bonner) - Active reformers put in as replacements (Under Northumberland)
38
What was the Treason Act (1552)?
- More radical treason act, building upon 1547 - Now treason to question royal supremacy or any articles of the Church (Under Northumberland)
39
What was the Second Act of Uniformity (1552)?
- Built on the Act of Uniformity (1549) - All people in England + Wales had to attend services, if not this was an offence (Under Northumberland)
40
What did Northumberland do to plunder Church wealth?
- Surveyed wealth of bishops + senior clergy (just over £1 mill) - Started to take action to return these assets to the Crown - E.g. Started to remove all gold + silver plate held by parish Churches
41
What was the Second Book of Common Prayer (1552)?
- New Book of Common Prayer - Specifically anti-Catholic + much more radically Protestant - E.g. Banned ‘popish vestments’ (Catholic objects) - Written by Cranmer (Under Northumberland)
42
What were the 42 Articles of Religion?
- Articles that defined the faith of the Church of England | - Effectively aimed to solidify the official shift to Protestantism
43
Why were the 42 Articles of 1553 never implemented?
Edward VI suddenly died - never implemented - adapted + implemented under Elizabeth I as ‘39 Articles’
44
What was the religion of the Church of England at the end of Edward VI’s reign?
Firmly Protestant
45
Did the English public approve of the radicalism under Northumberland that left a Protestant Church of England?
- Landed elites + people of SE and London: many approved (but not strongly - many converted back under Mary) - Wider population: little evidence to suggest they approved
46
What are some reasons why the wider population may not have approved of a Protestant Church?
- Many people were accustomed to Catholicism + Catholic practices were a large part of their society and belief - Protestant shift had involved seizing Church assets, leaving less money for the community enjoyment and festivals in parish churches
47
What may be taken as evidence that the English population disapproved of shift to Protestantism?
Less people left money to the Church in wills (70% Northern wills 1540-6 included money to Church, but only 32% Northern wills under Edward VI did) - May have thought money would be seized by gov - May have felt less desire to support the Church

History - The Tudors - Edward VI (4 decks)

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