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Philosophy > Religious Language > Flashcards

Religious Language Flashcards

1
Q

Name a philosopher who believes God is timeless

A

Anselm

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2
Q

Name a philosopher who believes God is outside of time

A

Boethius

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3
Q

Name two philosophers who believe God is in time

A

Swinburne & Plantinga

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4
Q

What does Calvin believe about Free Will

A

We are predestined and have no true free will

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5
Q

What does Anselm believe about Free Will

A

We retain free will despite God being timeless

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6
Q

Which philosopher believes God can do anything logically possible

A

Aquinas

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7
Q

Which philosopher believes God’s ability is absolute

A

Descartes

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8
Q

Define Omniscience

A

God knows everything

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9
Q

Define Omnipotence

A

God has the ability to do anything

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10
Q

Define Benevolence

A

God is perfectly Good

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11
Q

What is the Apophatic Way also referred to as

A

Via Negativa

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12
Q

What is the Cataphatic Way also referred to as

A

Via Positiva

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13
Q

What type of approaches are these

A

Cogntiive

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14
Q

What does the Apophatic Way say about describing God

A

We can only say what God is not due to our limited human understanding

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15
Q

What does the Apophatic Way say about those who chose to describe what God is

A

If we describe what he is we are anthropomorphising

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16
Q

Who are the two key Via Negativa philosophers

A

James & Aquinas

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17
Q

What did James say about the nature of God

A

‘Ineffable nature of God (he is beyond description)

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18
Q

What is an example of the Via Negativa approach being used

A

Within Judaism the word ‘God’ isn’t even used and within Islam God isn’t portrayed visually

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19
Q

What are the criticisms for the Via Negativa approach

A

Via Positiva (Aquinas, Augustine, Anselm)
The Bible proves this to be false as it uses scripture to describe God in a positive way
It isn’t a true reflection of how religious people speak of God

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20
Q

What does the Cataphatic Way say about describing God

A

We can use language to describe him

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21
Q

Who are the three key Via Positiva philosophers

A

Aquinas, Augustine, Anselm

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22
Q

What is an example of the Via Positiva approach being used

A

We have some understanding of God

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23
Q

What are the criticisms for the Via Positiva approach

A

Via Negativa
Brummer claims he analogy of proportionality takes us no further than negative theology

24
Q

What type of approach is Analogy

A

A cognitive approach

25
Q

Define Analogy

A

A comparison between one thing and another to explain

26
Q

Who are the four key philosophers for Analogy

A

Aquinas, MacQuarrie, Ramsey, Ferre

27
Q

Who created the Doctrine of Analogy

A

Aquinas

28
Q

What did MacQuarrie say about Analogy

A

‘Analogy makes possible that language of scripture and liturgy that is at the heart of the Christian religion unless we can say that it is meaningful’

29
Q

What example of Analogy does Ferre give

A

‘Analogy tells us what words about God do without pretending to have grasped their full meaning’

30
Q

Which philosopher criticised Analogy

A

Brummer

31
Q

What did Brummer say about analogy

A

Brummer said this approach goes no further than Via Negativa

32
Q

Define Symbolism

A

Something that participates in that which it points

33
Q

Who are the two key philosophers for Analogy

A

Randall & Tillich

34
Q

What’s different about Randall & Tillich’s approaches to Symbolism

A

Randall’s approach isn’t cognitive, Tillich’s approach is cognitive

35
Q

Give three examples of Symbolism

A

A flag, music, religious language

36
Q

Give two criticisms of Symbolism

A

Revelations cannot be verified or falsified using empirical evidence
Symbols do not contain any factual knowledge they are completely meaningless

37
Q

What criticism of Symbolism did Tillich make

A

Symbols change over time

38
Q

Define Falsification

A

If a proposition is scientific if it can state what evidence would prove it false

39
Q

Who are the five key philosophers for Falsification

A

Popper, Flew, Mitchell, Hare, Hick

40
Q

What are the three examples for Flasification

A

The Gardener
Bliks
Dies the death of 1000 qualifications

41
Q

What criticism did Flew make for Falsification

A

Flew rendered all religious language to be meaningless

42
Q

Define Verification

A

A sentence is only meaningful if it is a tautology (something that is true by definition e.g. a triangle)

43
Q

What are the two approaches to Verification

A

The Strong & Weak approach

44
Q

What is the Strong Verification approach

A

Conclusive empirical evidence

45
Q

What is the Weak Verification approach

A

Be able to state what empirical evidence would make a sentence probable

46
Q

Which philosopher rejected the Strong Approach and instead followed the Weak Approach

A

Ayer

47
Q

What’s an example of Verification

A

A triangle can be verified (3 sides)

48
Q

Which three philosophers criticized Verification

A

Brummer, Emmet, Aquinas

49
Q

What were Brummer, Emmet & Aquinas’ criticisms to Verification

A

Brummer said we should treat religious sentences like science is an error in understanding
Emmett and Aquinas said Verification should be understood as analogies

50
Q

Define Language Games

A

A term depends on its use - we need to know the ‘rules of game’ to understand the sentence

51
Q

Who is the main philosopher for Language Games

A

Wittgenstein

52
Q

What was a criticism given about Language Games

A

It is a circular approach

53
Q

How does Univocal Language go against the theory of Language Games

A

It suggests language can have one meaning

54
Q

What is Univocal Language

A

Words that always have the same meaning

55
Q

Give an example of Univocal Language

A

Cat

Philosophy (10 decks)

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