Religious Studies Flashcards

Question

Christian Views on Cohabition

Answer 1

Some Christians disagree with Cohabitation as they believe it devalues the special and sacred nature of sex, which should only take place within marriage. The Catholic Church do not accept cohabitation, and some Baptist Churches may refuse to marry a couple who are co-habiting. However, some more liberal Church of England denominations have an increasingly tolerant view on cohabitation and accept it, as long as it is part of a committed relationship.

Answer 2

Although in practice some may choose to cohabit, according to Muslim teachings it is generally regarded as wrong. Muslims believe that for a couple to live together in a sexual relationship they must be married first. In cohabitation, you are more likely to be tempted to have sex outside of marriage which is considered a sin.

Answer 3

Divorce is typically accepted as the legal ending of a marriage, however it is not preferred and every effort at reconciliation should be made. The Catholic Church does not accept divorce, as they consider the bond of marriage to be a sacred bond, that is based on life-long love, fidelity (faithful/loyal) and family and they therefore believe that divorce is wrong. “What God has joined together, let no one separate”. The Church of England teaches that marriage is for life, however acknowledges that humans make mistakes and relationships can break down. Therefore, in some circumstances, divorce might be an option. (eg; some argue that in the Bible Jesus allowed divorce for adultery.) In vows read out during the wedding ceremony, it is said "till death do us part." In which divorce breaks this vow. Marriage is also considered a sacrament and therefore cannot be dissolved unless the marriage is annulled, which opens the opportunity of remarriage, whereas a civil divorce would not Jesus said ‘Anyone who divorces his wife... and marries another commits adultery.’

Answer 4

Divorce is sometimes acceptable as a last resort, however it is expected that the family will try to help the couple overcome their problems. If the couple do decide to divorce then the husband must state on three separate occasions that the marriage is over. A period of three months begins (Iddah). The couple will stay in the same house but not sleep together to ensure that there is no confusion about who the father of any children born after the divorce is. The woman would also be given her dowry back.It is also stated in the Qur'am that it is not wrong to separate if both parties agree "If a woman fears indifference or neglect from her husband, there is no blame on either of them if they seek fair settlement, which is best." Qur'an 4:128-130

Answer 5

It is up to individual ministers to decide whether or not they are willing to perform such a marriage service. Some will not perform second marriages but will give a blessing after a registry office ceremony. In the Roman Catholic Church, A divorced person who has remarried may attend services, but cannot take part in Holy Communion. If a person remarries while their ex-partner is still alive, this is considered to be adultery.

Answer 6

A man and a woman can remarry twice, but after a third divorce remarriage to each other cannot take place unless the woman has been married to another man in the meantime. Marriage is seen as a social contract which Allah has sanctioned. But, as it is not seen as a sacrament it can be broken and divorce allowed. In fact being married is encouraged as family life is an ideal way of living.

Answer 7

Roman Catholics do not believe in any artificial forms of birth control as sexual intercourse should always have the possibility of children. They believe every sperm is sacred based on teachings from the Bible, for example Genesis, which states ‘Be fruitful and multiply.’ Roman Catholics can use natural forms of contraception – rhythm method, withdrawal or abstaining. Further, St Thomas Aquinas stated in his Natural Law that the continuation of species was important, so contraception is wrong as it prevents reproduction. The Church of England, Methodist and Baptist churches however, believe contraception is acceptable providing both partners agree. They believe that family planning allows couples to have more opportunities for their relationship to develop, either with each other and/or with their existing children. Sexual activity needs to be reserved for two people in the context of marriage. Christians are often encouraged to love one another in non-sexual ways. This type of love, called ‘agape’, is the love that Jesus showed to other people when he gave his life for them. Some denominations, (eg; Roman Catholics) do not support sex before marriage and promote chastity. Sex is seen as a gift from God and therefore sacred and holy. All Christian denominations would be against casual sex as this is an abuse of God’s gift. Some Christian groups believe sex is acceptable before marriage if the couple are in a permanent relationship, however the majority believe that marriage is the most appropriate context for sex. “That is why a man leaves his father and mother and is united to his wife, and they become one flesh.” Genesis 2

Answer 8

The Quran has no direct teachings on contraception, though many view sex and children as gifts from God, so contraception isn't desirable. However, it is accepted that contraception was used during the time of Muhammad so some Muslims believe in its use as long as it doesn’t harm the body and both partners are okay with it. Contraception is usually considered acceptable if the woman has ill health or to limit family size. Some couples do use artificial methods of contraception; the pill and condom are considered more acceptable than those which are difficult to reverse, such as a vasectomy. However, contraception should never be used to encourage promiscuity (casual sex). Islam has very strict views on love and sex, based on passages from the Qur’an and Hadith (sayings of the Prophet Muhammad). Muslims view sexual intercourse as an act of worship that fulfils emotional & physical needs as well as being procreative. Having children is the way in which humans can contribute towards Allah’s creation. Sexual activity needs to be reserved for two people within the context of marriage (Polygamy is allowed, but sex outside this is not). Islam encourages people to marry and not to lead celibate lives. Marriage places responsibility on both partners to meet each other’s sexual needs. "When a husband and wife share intimacy it is rewarded and a blessing from Allah; just as they would be punished if they had engaged in illicit sex." Qur'an

Answer 9

Many Christians oppose same-sex relationships on Biblical grounds, and regard marriage as only between a man and woman. Due to this, many churches will not allow same-sex marriages, however some clergy might agree to a church blessing. Quakers are one of few Christian denominations who welcome and support same-sex relationships and perform such marriages. Case study: Lee v Ashers Baking Company - Gareth Lee approached Asher;s Baking Company to create a cake with the phrase "support gay marriage" on it. This request was denied by the company on religious standings, as it is run by evangelists. Lee took the company to court on the issue, where it was originally ruled in his favour on grounds of discriminations. Upon review from the supreme court, the judging was overturned and found that "on the facts of the case, the applicant was not treated differently on account of his real or perceived sexual orientation, but rather that the refusal to supply the cake was because of the defendants’ religious objection to gay marriage." "If a man lies with a male as with a woman, both of them have committed an abomination; they shall surely be put to death; their blood is upon them." Leviticus 20:13 "We know that the law is good...for the sexually immoral, for those practicing homosexuality, for slave traders and liars and perjurers—and for whatever else is contrary to the sound doctrine" 1 Timothy 1:8-10

Answer 10

The general views of Islam on same-sex marriage is that it is immoral and wrong, and that sex should only occur between a man and a woman based on teachings in the Qur'an which argue that it is "against the will of Allah." However, there are many practicing Muslims around the world who are in same-sex relationships/are married/are part of the LGBTQ+ community. "Do you commit such immorality as no one has preceded you with from among the worlds? Indeed, you approach men with desire, instead of women. Rather, you are a transgressing people." Qur'an 7:80-81

Answer 11

Christianity as a whole will generally support the idea that men are superior to women in many senses. This can be seen on the foundations of Christianity; God is referred to as "He," and "Father," as opposed to a gender neutral term as God is transcendant. The original disciples of Jesus were all men, however he also had female followers. There are also many references in the Bible that women are lower than, (and should not have superiority over) men. In some denominations of Christianity, women may be allowed to be ordained and become bishops, whereas in others (Orthodox Christians) do not allow for women to enter priesthood.The roles of men and women in church can be seen as equal, however may be different (men are priests or bishops, whereas the women care for the children in the church) "There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus." Galatians 3:28 "But I do not allow a woman to teach or exercise authority over a man, but to remain quiet." 1 Timothy 2:12

Answer 12

In Islam, the general idea is that men with have a role over women. This can be seen in the leading of prayer and worship, where typically only men will take on the roles of imam and lead the prayer of men and women, and they are often separated for prayer. In some Sunni groups, women may be allowed to lead the prayer, but however must be standing within the congregation, whereas men are allowed to lead outside of this. Men are also often the ones with superiority when discussing divorce. The roles of men and women in Islam are taught as equally important, but do oftentimes differ in what the roles entail. "O humanity! Be mindful of your Lord Who created you from a single soul, and from it He created its mate." Qur'an 4:1 "their husbands reserve the right to take them back within that period if they desire reconciliation. Women have rights similar to those of men equitably, although men have a degree ˹of responsibility˺ above them." Qur'an 2:228

Answer 13

Origin and Value of Human Life - 15 Mark Question

Answer 14

The topic includes: Beliefs, teachings and attitudes toward the origin and sanctity of life and evolution, attitudes towards euthanasia and abortion, and non-religious views on the importance of human and animal life.

Answer 15

The Afterlife is life after death; the belief that existance continues after physical death.

Answer 16

Environmental Sustainability is ensuring that natural resources are used but protected so that all people, animals and plants can live well now and in the future.

Answer 17

Euthanasia is the act of killing or permitting the death of a person who is suffering from a serious illness.

Answer 18

Evolution is the process by which different creatures are believed to have developed from earlier, less complex forms during the history of the Earth.

Answer 19

Abortion is the ending of a pregnancy so that it does not result in the birth of a child.

Answer 20

Quality of Life is the extent to which life is meaningful or pleasurable.

Answer 21

Sanctity of Life is the belief that life is precious, or sacred; for many religious believers, only human life holds this special status.

Answer 22

The Soul is the spiritual aspect of a being, which some religions believe connects a person to God; also often being seen as non-physical and as living after physical death in the afterlife.

Answer 23

There are two stories in Genesis which describing God's creation, with the main points being: - God created the world for a purpose and it was fundamentally good. - Human beings were expected to be stewards of the world. - God created light in the darkness (1), the sky (2), dry land and plants (3), the Sun, the Moon and the stars (4), water and sky animals (5), and lastly land animals and humans (6), so on the seventh day, God rested. The second creation story is [Genesis 2:4-25]; Adam was created first, formed from the dust of the Earth and the breath of God. He was created before anmals, and placed in the Garden of Eden to live in paradise. Eve was then created from his rib to be his partner. Some Christians believe that God caused any "Big Bang" at the start of the universe, and that evidence is sufficient to show that life evolved gradually over millions of years. Some take the Creation stories as literal (A truthful retelling of events) whilst some believe the story can be interpreted with the real meaning but not historically true (non-literalists or liberalists) "In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth. And the earth was without form, and void; and darkness was upon the face of the deep. And the Spirit of God moved upon the face of the waters. And God said, Let there be light: and there was light." Genesis 1:1-3 Then the Lord God made a woman from the rib he had taken from the man” Genesis 2:22

Answer 24

There is no one creation story but the Qur’an teaches that God is the creator and sustainer of all life. Muslims believe God created the heavens and earth from formless matter over six long periods of time. He created humans out of clay moulding Adam and breathing life into him, and that a wife was made for him. Humans were given the role of khalifahs to be responsible to look after the world and treat it with respect, and so on the day of judgement all Muslims will be called to account for how they have looked after Allah's creation. Muslims are creationists, as they believe the word of the Qur'an must be taken litersllt as it was revealed from Allah. Others may accept some aspects of evolution, but do not accept the idea of human evolution as the Qur'an refers to the creation of Adam. “Indeed, your Lord is God who created the heavens and earth in six days and then established himself above the throne.” Qur'an 10:3

Answer 25

Literalists believe that the holy texts should be understood word for word. Young earth creationists are literalists as they believe that creation happened exactly as described in sacred texts. “All scripture is God breathed” 2 Timothy 3:16

Answer 26

Liberalists believe that people should be free to interpret the texts to best suit them arguing that many texts are more like parables or symbolic stories. They contain meaning but do not refer to historical events.

Answer 27

Evolutionary theory out forward by Charles Darwin suggests that the earth is millions of years old and that life had arisen through the slow, natural process of evolution due to natural selection and survival of the fittest. His research overtime on the galapagos islands and the observing of finches with various beak shapes to better fit their environment shows how creatures have evolved over a period of time. It showed creatures developing characteristics that allowed them to survive and breed; thus passing on the traits(natural selection and survival of the fittest.)

Answer 28

In 1965, cosmologists published evidence to show that the universe had an origin about 15 billion years ago, from the point of ‘singularity’( Stephen Hawking's research lead the belief of the singularity) which then expanded in a hot and dense environment so that matter was formed. This expansion caused the formation of every star and planet in the universe. This theory was supported by the discovery of cosmic background radiation thought to be left over from the initial expansion at the point of ‘singularity. ’Most believe that the expansion will continue for billions of years to come, but can be traced back to the initial event which is known as the Big Bang.

Answer 29

'Intelligent design is the popular belief in the USA today among some Christians. It states that there exist things that are so complex and have a purpose and therefore cannot have simply developed through evolution. Michael Behe came up with the argument of 'Irreducible Complexity' using the example of a mousetrap. He claimed that the function of some things in nature require all parts to be present in the very beginning,, just like a mousetrap. Therefore it could not have developed over time through evolution but things must have been made on day one in exactly the same way as they exist today. William Paley uses the analogy of the watchmaker, and also an eye to demonstrate this concept of ID and argued that it must have only been created through God’s design, due to it's complexity. "Although i think this is a compelling argument, I do not think the teleological argument proves the existence of God. There are lots of problems with this theory. I can see Paley's logic; a complex watch needs a designer so a complex Universe needs a designer- it is still ultimately an argument from analogy. A watch is not the universe, it is completely different, so to infer that the same principles apply by no means proves the existence of God. We have observed a watch being designed and created and so we know if we found a watch it obviously has a designer, however we have made no such observations with the universe, so why should we just assume it has a designer?"

Answer 30

Christians believe that humans are given the role to be stewards of god’s creation. There is the arguement that we are to care for the world rather than exploit it. Evangelical Christians take the Bible literally so believe humans can ‘rule’ by using the earth’s resources for human benefit, meaning to have dominion over it. “You have made them the rulers over the works of your hands; you put everything under their feet” Pslam 8:6 " And God said unto them, Be fruitful, and multiply, and replenish the earth, and subdue it: have dominion over the fish of the sea, over the fowl of the air, and over every living thing that moveth upon the earth." Genesis 1:28 Stewardship: caring for the planet and managing it's resources

Answer 31

Muslims believe that animals must be respected but that they are not sacred and so can b used for human benefit. Humans are to be Khalifahs (stewards) of God’s creation as he has trusted us with it. There is a balance in the universe that must be maintained by mankind called fitrah. They believe that we will be judged on how we treat the universe. "The earth is green and beautiful. God has appointed you stewards over it." (Muhammed) "No change should there be in the creation of God." [Qur'an 30:30] "Indeed your Lord is Allah Who created the heavens and the earth in six Days." [Qur'an 7:54] Stewardship: caring for the planet and managing it's resources

Answer 32

God created mankind ‘in his image’ (Imago dei) so all life is precious and sacred. Therefore only God can take life away, as each life is special and sacred. We are to treat our and other people’s bodies with respect ‘Similarly only God can decide when life begins. Jesus showed that all life should be valued through the way he treated the lepers, sick, and despised groups of people. It is also shown through the Parable of the Good Samaritan:Jesus tells of a man who was travelling and attacked. He was badly beaten and left for dead. The first two people to pass the man were a Priest and a Priest's assistant, both of whom left the man and continued walking without helping. The third was a Samaritan, who took pity on the man and helped him. He cleaned and bandaged his wounds before paying an innkeeper to look after the man. You have heard that it was said, ‘Love your friends, hate your enemies.’ But now I tell you: love your enemies and pray for those who persecute you" Matthew 5:43-47 ‘Before I formed you in the womb I knew you.’ Jeremiah In his hand is the life of every creature.’ Book of Job

Answer 33

Muslims believe all life is created by God and only he can take it away. It is believed that God has a plan for each life even before they have been conceived. Because of this any Muslim who kills another will be judged as if they have killed the whole of mankind ’whoever kills a soul...it is as if he has slain mankind entirely’. [Qur'an 5:32] ‘And do not kill the soul which God has forbidden’. 'Do not take a human life—made sacred by Allah—except with legal right.'

Answer 34

Peter Singer is an aetheist with the belief that quality of life in more important than the sanctity of life. To count as "Personhood," he believes that people must have the ability to think and be able to relate to others. He also believes that if there is little quality of life, then a person should be allowed, under certain circumstances, to end their own life. He claims it is wrong to give human life special treatment over animal life, in the same way that it is wrong to give more rights to one group of humans than another and that all should be treated with equal consideration.

Answer 35

Catholics: Life is sacred and God given = pro-life. From the moment of conception a new life has begun so abortion is forbidden at any stage. Instead the foetus has a right to live- terminating this is a moral evil. Church of England: Abortion is not allowed for social reasons but possibly if the mother’s life is in danger and out of compassion if the woman has been raped. The Church of England combines strong opposition to abortion with the recognition that there may be conditions under which it may be morally preferable. CASE STUDY: Gianna Jessen, a 'pro-life' activist who was a survivor of a failed abortion, of which she developed cerebral palsy as a result. "I am happy to be alive. I almost died. Every day I thank God for life." She stated that todsay, "a baby is a baby when it is convienient" and that people only believe it is a baby when there is a miscarriage at two, three, four months, but call it a clump of cells and tissue when it is an abortion of the same time frame.

Answer 36

Most Muslims agree that only God can create and take away life and so abortion is mostly considered haram (forbidden). Abortion for purely economic reasons is forbidden in the Qur’an, However, abortion may be allowed if the child is likely to have a serious illness or if the mother’s life is at risk. Some Muslim laws permit abortion in the first 16 weeks while others only in the first seven. Generally, it is agreed that ‘ensoulment’ takes place at 120 days after conception and from this point on abortion is mostly considered Haram- unless it is the ‘lesser of two evils’ ie. to save the mother’s life. The taking of the life of a child is a sin which will have to be answered for in front of Allah on judgement day. "Do not kill your children out of poverty" [Qur'an 17:31] CASE STUDY: (she was hindu, I just don't have any other place to put this one) Savita Halappanavar was a woman living in Ireland, who tragically died of sepsis when being denied an abortion of which she was miscarrying. Ireland, where she lived, is a very catholic heavy country, and so she was denied the abortion on both legal and religious basis, however argued her point that she was Hindu, and so why should that law be enforced on her.

Answer 37

Most agree that it is not acceptable as they believe in the sanctity of life and those who assist in euthanasia are going against the Ten Commandments. Some believe that suffering can have a purpose and must be endured as God will not give us more than we can cope with. "God is faithful; he will not let you be tempted beyond what you can bear." Liberal Christians: It is acceptable to turn off life support (passive euthanasia) if the person is brain dead. They may also consider withholding treatment (which would otherwise prolong a painful illness) as Jesus was compassionate. Hospice care is an alternative to euthanasia. CASE STUDY: Charlie Gard, an infant in the middle of the "best interests case" of his life. He suffered from a mitochondrial disease, of which has no treatment and would lead to his death indefinitely. The case became controversial because the medical team and parents disagreed about whether experimental treatment was in the best interests of the child. The parents wanted the experimental treatment, but the doctors felt he was too far gone and would not help him. They believed the treatment would prolong suffering, and so insisted with the parents to turn off his ventilator, of which they refused until told by the lead of the treatment said it was a futile case and would not help him, leading to the ventilator being turned off and him dying the next day.

Answer 38

Muslims believe that no matter what state the body is in, the soul is perfect and therefore life cannot be ended early. All life is made by God so taking away life is wrong. Muslim lawyers have recently agreed that it is acceptable for a person in a coma with no hope of recovery to have their machines turned off as the life has already ended. "He who created all things in the best way” [Qur'an]

Answer 39

Muslims believe that God made Adam from the ‘earth’ and so we have a physical body which is also blessed with a soul. When a child is born they have a natural belief in God (fitrah) and therefore our soul naturally seeks to follow the religion of Islam. This life is preparation for akhirah – the life to come. Upon death the soul is kept in Barzakh waiting for the day of judgement when all will be raised from the dead to stand before Allah who will judge. Muslims believe the Mahdi (the ‘guided one’ or saviour) will also come at this time to save the world. Muslims tend to have a literal view of Jannah (heaven) and Jahannam (hell).

Answer 40

Christians believe that the soul was ‘breathed’ into Adam during mankind’s creation. It is through our soul that we can connect to God and therefore our soul will continue to live on even though our material body dies (dualism). However, others argue that the body and soul cannot remain separated (non-dualists) and so although the soul goes to be judged immediately after death, the body will resurrect on the final day of judgement to be untied with the soul. “I am the resurrection and the life. The one who believes in me will live, even though they die” (Jesus)

Answer 41

The belief that we are made of two separate parts: body and soul.

Answer 42

The belief that we are merely physical bodies.

Answer 43

Prayers are said for the dying person to ask God for forgiveness, and during the funeral service, typically the words "I am the resurrection and the life" [John 11:25] are read out, showing that those who believe in Jesus will be resurrected to spend eternity with god. Candles will also often be lit, symbolising that Jesus is the light of the world; offering a passage to Heaven. They also believe that it is better to be buried as their is the belief that on the day of Judgemnet, bones of the dead will reform for bodily resurrection.

Answer 44

The shahadah is whispered into the ears of the person (as in birth) to show the returning to the creator. A white shroud is wrapped around the body and is buried - showing the belief that the body should remain whole dor the day of judgement. Many Muslims will also have a raised mound without a gravestone, showing that everyone is equal in death. As the body is lowered, words are recited from the qur'an "We shall bring you forth once more" [Qur'an 20:55] to show that Allah will bring then back to life one day.

Answer 45

Crime and Punishment - 15 Mark Question

Answer 46

The topic includes: What makes an act wrong, differences between relative and absolute morality, the causes of crime, the work of prison reformers and prison chaplains, and beliefs about the death penalty.

Answer 47

That which is considered morally right, beneficial and to our advantage.

Answer 48

That which is considered extremely immoral, wicked and wrong.

Answer 49

To grant pardon for a wrongdoing; to give up resentment and the desire to seek revenge against a wrongdoer.

Answer 50

The ability to make choices voluntarily and independently. The belief that nothing is pre-determined.

Answer 51

Fairness; where everyone has equal provisions and opportunity

Answer 52

Principles and standards determining which actions are right or wrong

Answer 53

A penalty given to someone for a crime or wrong they have done.

Answer 54

Deliberate immoral action, breaking a religious or moral law.

Answer 55

Pain or distress caused by injury, illness or loss. Suffering can be physical, emotional/psychological or spiritual.

Answer 56

Poverty, Alcohol and drug abuse, Low self esteem, Parental neglect, Pressure from the media/society/peers/personal life, and the presense of evil and sin in the world (listed from most common to least common from the white textbook)

Answer 57

A form of revenge on behalf of those who were wronged or subject to attack.

Answer 58

Criminals should have the right to 'pay' for the wrong they have commited to show they are sorry, and to 'repair' the damage done.

Answer 59

Trying to ensure the criminal is helped to change their approach and way of life.

Answer 60

Making sure that all people, and society itself, is kept free from possible recurring of a crime by a criminal; criminals themselves also need protection.

Answer 61

To show that the law and authority are of supreme importance, and ensure that the law is upheld and justified.

Answer 62

To try to deter or discourage people from commiting crimes, because they know what the punishment is, and know it will be given to those caught commiting a crime.

Answer 63

Christians believe that everone was created with free choice to accept or reject God's ways, and those who sin or commit crimes will face justice; however Jesus taught the importance of forgiveness. Most Christians believe that God is the final judge, and that they must seek compassion and not revenge.

Answer 64

The Qur'an teaches that believers should make the choice of good and evil deeds. They feel that punishment is an important aspect of justice, but forgiveness is equally as such. Allah is knownas merciful, compassionate, and generous, and that He will be the final Judge on Judgement Day. "Surely Allah enjoins justice, kindness and the doing of good to kith and kin." [Qur'an 16:90]

Answer 65

CASE STUDY: Elizabeth Fry was an English prison reformer and Quaker. Fry was a major driving force behind legislations to improve the treatment of prisoners, especially female inmates, and as such has been called the 'Angel of Prisons'. She was instrumental in the Gaols Act which mandated sex-segregation of prisons and female warders for female inmates to protect them from sexual exploitation. Fry kept extensive diaries in which the need to protect female prisoners from rape and sexual exploitation is explicit. She was supported in her efforts by Queen Victoria.

Answer 66

Traditionally, a chaplain is a minister, such as a priest, pastor, rabbi, imam or community member of a religious tradition. They provide counselling to inmates, supporting them through their rehabilitation and seeing to their spiritual & religious needs. Fear, loneliness, guilt, concerns about family or children on the outside become the concern of the prison chaplain. In addition, chaplains often help prisoners re-enter the community, working with parole officers and other volunteers. Since 2011 the British Humanist Society has been running a project with Humanist Pastoral Support Volunteers at Winchester Prison. This includes meeting inmates with ‘nil’ religion on admission, holding discussion groups and providing counselling, such as bereavement support, for inmates. Often prisoners are unable to attend funerals of loved ones & benefit from the type of community support.

Answer 67

Most Christians believe that only God has the authority to take a life. Execution goes against the sanctity of life, as all life is precious. Christians follow the teachings of Jesus to be compassionate and forgiving. Jesus forgave the adulterous woman and pleaded with God for his executioners to be forgiven when he was on the cross. Many favour reform over execution, and have been involved in prison reform and continue to work in prisons as chaplains. The Golden rule also compels us to treat others as we would wish to be treated. Some Christians advocate the death penalty, as Old Testament law states ‘an eye for an eye’ and ‘Whoever sheds the blood of man, by man shall his blood be shed’. The Old Testament specifies 36 capital offences including crimes such as idolatry, magic and blasphemy & murder ‘Thou shalt not kill’. 'Father forgive them, for they know not what they do’. 'love your ememies, and pray for those who persecute you.' ‘do to others what you want them to do to you.’ Capital punishment is against the highest expression of love in the nature of God.’ Martin Luther King Jr

Answer 68

Islam as a whole accepts capital punishment for the most severe crimes. While criminals will be punished by God on the Day of Judgement, Muslims believe that they should be punished on earth. Forgiveness is important but so is the need to protect the ummah. The Qur’an forbids the taking of life, and most Muslims agree that this ‘just cause’, for which the death penalty is permitted; the crimes of murder and attacking Islam. Most Muslim countries retain the death penalty and can include beheading, firing squad, hanging and stoning as different methods of such. In some countries, public executions are carried out to provide a deterrent. Islamic countries that practise very strict Shari’ah law are associated with the use of capital punishment as punishment; for example for adultery, homosexuality, terrorism and treason. There is a small but growing number of Muslims who disagree with the death penalty and call for it to be abolished. They argue that Shari’ah law is often used by repressive governments that attack women and the poor. ‘do not take life – which God has made sacred, except for just cause’.

Answer 69

Christianity is a religion of forgiveness, and does not support the idea of retribution. Many Christians do believe in justice, therefore forgiveness and punishment should go together. Christians try to follow the example of Jesus who forgave those who betrayed him. Many Christians support punishment practices which lead to forgiveness, for example restorative justice programmes in prisons. Similarly, Jesus taught compassion and not revenge, and because of this many Christians have been actively involved in prison reform to ensure that people are treated humanely in prison. They also believe that it is important to recognise and address the causes of criminal behaviour, as a means of restoring social justice and preventing crime. Most Christians also firmly believe that punishment should enable a person to reform. Some Christians have become prison chaplains so that they can help prisoners to reform effectively. However, some Christians might follow the teaching of ‘an eye for an eye’, meaning that retribution might be okay in extreme cases. ‘love thy neighbour’ 'an eye for an eye' "But if anyone slaps you on the right cheek, turn to him the other also." Matthew 5:39

Answer 70

Although forgiveness is very important, so is the need to protect society (ummah) and keep law and order. Punishment is therefore seen as central to justice and essential in keeping people from straying from what is good and just. ‘Shari’ah’ law outlines both the rules to live by and the punishments if these laws are broken. Many punishments are designed to deter as well as protect society from further wrongdoing, for example: cutting off a hand for theft, or a receiving a beating in full view of the local community. For Muslims, punishment has nothing to do with removing sin as only Allah can forgive – it is a way of keeping law and order. Muslims do hope, however, that offenders will repent, reform and seek forgiveness. ‘Indeed, God orders justice and good conduct and giving to relatives and forbids immorality and bad conduct and oppression. He admonishes you that perhaps you will be reminded.’ Qur’an 16:90

Answer 71

In Genesis it says that God made the earth ‘and it was good’. God has, however, given people free will. The story of humanity’s battle with good and evil is told in the story of Adam and Eve in the Garden of Eden (Genesis 3). Adam and Eve chose to disobey God by eating the fruit of the tree of knowledge. This is called the Fall, and explains how free will can be used to stray from what is good. God has shown people how they should live a good life through both rules of behaviour found in the Bible, eg 10 commandments and through religious teachings. Jesus’ life and example also show Christians the ways to lead a moral, good and righteous life. It is up to individuals to decide whether or not to follow God’s instructions. Christianity is a religion which places ‘good’ qualities at its core – tolerance, compassion and love. Jesus demonstrated all of these qualities through his life, and it is considered a Christian duty to treat others with kindness, humanity and genuine acceptance.

Answer 72

Everyone is born with a natural instinct to understand the difference between right and wrong (fitrah). All humans have free will, and they must choose between right and wrong. Some say this means choosing between the path of God and the temptations of Shaytan (the devil). The Qur’an speaks of true Muslims very often as ‘those who believe and do good deeds’. The Qur’an and the Prophet Muhammad outline the qualities required for good, including truthfulness, patience, humility and kindness. Muslims are expected to follow this example to guide their actions and choices in everyday life, for example, by doing sadaqah. God will judge each person individually, according to their faith and their good actions. God will show mercy and fairness in his judgement. According to Islamic teachings, those who believe in God and perform good deeds will be eternally rewarded in heaven

Answer 73

St Irenaeus believed that human kind was not created perfect, but that they required growth in order to become spiritually perfect and moral. He argued that God does not necessarily intend evil to provide the only opportunity for this kind of spiritual growth, as a person could grow to spiritual perfection simply by obeying God’s laws. Irenaeus also believed that God does not intervene in human affairs to prevent evil because that would mean interfering with free will.

Answer 74

Within Islam it is believed that everything happens because it is the will and the plan of God, and means that suffering and hardship are part of God’s greater plan. Even though people may be unable to appreciate the value or purpose of suffering, they must accept that suffering exists and that they will never be able to truly understand God’s purpose. Muslims believe that all life is a test. Humans are given life as a gift by God, and throughout their life their good and evil acts are noted down by two angels. Muslims will have to answer to these at Judgement Day, and these will determine whether they will enter paradise or be sent to hell. Many Muslims believe that evil comes from Shaytan. The Qur’an explains how he refused God’s command to bow down before Adam. As a result of pride and disobedience, God banished him from heaven. He now exists to tempt people to turn from God and to do wrong.

Answer 75

Suffering is seen to be a test. Suffering is a punishment for sin and for Catholics is the result of original sin. Suffering is also part of God’s plan – we might not understand it but should know God will never make us suffer beyond our ability to cope. Suffering enables us to appreciate what is good in the world and allows us to grow closer to Jesus, who also suffered. Stories from the Bible, such as that of Job in the Old Testament, teach Christians that anyone can suffer and that persevering with suffering can strengthen faith in God.

Answer 76

Islam teaches that everything that happens is part of the will and plan of God (al-Qadr). Life is a test and therefore so is suffering. Suffering enables Muslims to prove their faith by resisting temptation. Those who resist Shaytan and follow the straight path will be rewarded in the afterlife. Good can come from suffering, both because it leads to personal spiritual development and because it allows us the opportunity to support others.

Answer 77

Christians believe that free will is given by God. Humans therefore have the ability to choose to do good & evil. Catholics believe that as a result of original sin, humans find it easier to choose to do wrong, but with the help of God can choose to do good. Fate is not a Christian idea, and the vast majority of Christians do not believe that their life is totally planned out for them. Some denominations (for example Lutheran and Calvinist Christians) believe in predestination – that God has already chosen who is to reach salvation.

Answer 78

Sunni Muslims believe in the concept of the ‘Preserved Tablet’ - They firmly believe in the concept of ‘Bada’, which states that God has not set a definite course for human history. Instead, God may alter the course of human history as is seen to be fit. Shi’a Muslims believe that God has definite power over the whole of the universe, however, whenever he wills, he can replace a given destiny with another one (effectively changing the course of fate)

Answer 79

Humam Rights and Social Justice - 15 Mark Question

Answer 80

The topic includes: Beliefs, teachings, practices and attitudes about the dignity of human life, examples of conflict between personal conviction and the laws of the country, censorship and freedom of expression

Answer 81

the practice of suppressing material which may be viewed as obscene, offensive or a threat to security. An example is the limiting of free speech.

Answer 82

The acts of treating groups of people or individuals differently based on prejudice.

Answer 83

believing in or supporting ideas that are considered by most people to be very far from correct or reasonable.

Answer 84

The basic entitlements afforded to humans simply because they are human.

Answer 85

Pre-judging, judging a group of people or indivuduals as inferior or superior without evidence.

Answer 86

Something that a person strongly feels or believes in

Answer 87

The standard of poverty in relation to the standards of society in which a person lives; living on less than a certain percentage of average income.

Answer 88

An acute state of deprivation whereby a person cannot access the most basic human needs

Answer 89

Promoting a fair society by challenging injustice and valuing diversity - Ensuring that all people have equal access to provisions, opportunities, and rights.

Answer 90

Jesus Christ - 15 Mark Question

Answer 91

The topic includes: Christian beliefs and teachings on the incarnation of Jesus, the meanin gand significance of the crucifixion and ascension, and how they relate to the ideas of salvation and atonement.

Answer 92

The Worldwide Church - 15 Mark Question

Answer 93

The topic includes: the importance of mission, evangelism, church growth, the work of tearfund, persecution of Christians in the past and present, oranisations includein gthe World council of Churches and the Ecumenical Movement.

Religious Studies Flashcards

(159 cards)