Remaining Flashcards
(164 cards)
1
Q
Define OH&S.
A
The study of identification, evaluation, and control of hazards associated with the work environment.
2
Q
Define hazard.
A
Any source of potential adverse health effect, damage, or harm on something or someone under certain conditions at work. Includes chemical, biological, physical, and pyschological agents.
3
Q
What is the goal of OH&S programs?
A
Reduce occupational injury and illness.
4
Q
Define occupational illness.
A
Any abnormal condition or disorder caused by exposure to environmental factors associated with employment.
5
Q
What causes brown lung?
A
Excessive inhalation of dust from textiles.
6
Q
What does WHMIS stand for?
A
Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System.
7
Q
What are the three imperatives/considerations for OH&S?
A
Economic, legal, and moral considerations.
8
Q
What is the term meaning “the system of shared responsibility for health and safety that is the basis for most Canadian OH&S legislation”?
A
Internal responsibility system (IRS)
9
Q
What do employers need to do?
A
- Prepare and display OH&S policy.
- Provide and maintain equipment, materials, and protective devices
- Ensure the manner in which the work is performed is safe, and environment is free from hazards and serious risks
- Monitor workplace and report injuries, illnesses, and toxic substances
- Establish health and safety committees with strong employee representation
- Alert employees to any known or perceived risk and hazards in workplace
- Provide health and safety training
10
Q
What do employees need to do?
A
- Perform duties and tasks in safe and responsible manner
- Wear protective equipment in compliance with company and legislative regulations
- Report defective equipment and other workplace hazards to safety professionals, joint health and safety committee, or manager
11
Q
What does the union need to do?
A
- Take part in the joint OH&S Committee
- Bring emerging problems and issues in health and safety to attention of government and employers
- Pressure other stakeholders to take corrective action
- Use collective bargaining process to incorporate health and safety provisions in many contracts
12
Q
What are some barriers to OH&S?
A
- Employers who value production over safety
- Employers who focus on safety only when they feel they must
- Employers may be uninformed or lack confidence about safety concerns
13
Q
What certifications can OH&S professionals have?
A
CRSP (Canadian registered safety professionals)
14
Q
What are the three e’s (the traditional views of safety)?
A
Engineering, educations, enforcement.
15
Q
Why include safety in HR?
A
- Safety is integrated into other HR functions
- Safety requires legislative compliance
- Safety decreases costs
16
Q
Which branch of government is responsible for enforcing the OHSA?
A
The OH&S Branch of the Ministry of Labour
17
Q
All OH&S legislation includes:
A
- An act
- Powers of enforcement
- The to refuse
- Protection from reprisals
- Duties and responsibilities assigned to employers and others
18
Q
What are the general employer duties?
A
- Take every reasonable precaution to ensure employee safety.
- Appoint a competent supervisor.
- Provide info in a medical emergency.
- Inform supervisors and workers of possible hazards.
- Post the OH&S act in the workplace.
- Prep and maintain h&s policy and review annually
- Prepare policies regarding workplace violence and workplace harassment
19
Q
What are the duties of the JHSC?
A
- Hazard recognition
- Risk assessments
- Ensuring that records are maintained and monitored
- Responding to employee concerns
20
Q
In Ontario, when do companies need a JHSC?
A
When they have 20 or more employees, or there is a special provision.
21
Q
Describe the general process of reporting an investigating a work refusal.
A
- Worker alerts employer to the danger and indicates intention to refuse work due to reasonable assumption that the work is unsafe.
- Employer investigates and no other worker should be assigned to perform the job instead.
- Following the investigation, the employer will write a report, and conclude whether there is danger or not, and take corrective action if there is.
- If they conclude there isn’t and the worker disagrees and still refuses, the refusal is taken to a committee that conducts additional investigations and reporting.
- If the conclusion is the same, the refusal can be taken to the relevant governmental ministry.
- While investigation continues, the worker may be assigned to other work.
22
Q
When can a worker not refuse work?
A
- When that work is a normal condition of employment.
- When that refusal places another person’s life in danger.
- When the profession is specified in legislation, like police officers, firefighters, correctional workers, and health care workers in Ontario legislation.
23
Q
What does Ontario legislation describe as dangerous circumstances?
A
- A provision of the act or the regulation is being contravened
- The contravention presents a danger or hazard to a worker
- The danger or hazard is such that any delay in controlling it may seriously endanger a worker
24
Q
When did WHMIS enter legislation?
A
1988
25
What does WHMIS consist of?
- Labels to alert the worker that a container contains a potentially hazardous product
- Material safety data sheets (MSDSs) outlining a product's potentially hazardous ingredient(s) and safe handling procedures of the product
- Employee training
26
What is GHS?
An international standard for the classification and labelling of chemicals being adopted by countries around the world. Globally harmonized system of classification.
27
Who administers Workers' Compensation?
A board or commission typically known as the Workers' Compensation Board (WCB) and Workplace Safety and Insurance Board (WSIB) in Ontario.
28
What are the regulations and responsibilities of WCB?
- Injured workers receive payment while off work and medical bills paid (if injury happened at work and because of work)
- Injured worker gets a pension if the injury is/becomes permanent, or benefits if they cannot earn the same amount as before
- Injured worker's immediate family and dependents entitled to benefits if the worker is killed or dies as a result of the injury
- Classify employers (rate groups) to ensure consistency
- Decide how an individual is classified
- Pay benefits if a worker is affected by an industrial disease that has resulted from their occupation
29
What are the two methods for determining the amount of compensation?
Percentage of net earnings
Percentage of average earnings
30
Define vocational, physical, and social rehabilitiation.
Vocational: helps injured workers return to their place of employment or find similar work elsewhere.
Physical: restores workers' physical function.
Social: psychological and practical services to help workers with severe disabilities cope with daily life activities.
31
What are the three groups of stress-related disabilities?
1. Physical injury or occupational disease leading to mental disability
2. Mental stress resulting in a physical disability, traumatic occurrence, or series of occurrences
3. Mental stress resulting in a mental condition
32
What form must the Employer file to WCB within three days?
Form 7, which requests information about the worker, the workplace, the injury, the hours of work, the wages, and details of lost work time and medical treatments.
33
What form must the worker file to WCB?
Form 6.
34
What form must the health care provider file?
Form 8 (to determine the worker's capabilities).
35
How are industry groups assessed in terms of rate?
Injury frequency = (number of injuries / total hours worked) * 200,000
36
What is the severity rate?
The ratio of the number of days lost due to injuries to a factor of 200,000.
Severity = (# days lost to injuries / total hours worked) * 200,000
37
How to calculate WCB Premium rates.
Premium amount = (insurable earnings * premium rate) / 100
38
Define Disability Management.
Proactive employer practices to prevent or reduce workplace disability, intervening early in the event of risk or injury, and providing coordinated management and rehabilitiation functions to promote workers' recovery and safe and timely return to work.
39
Define systems approach.
An approach to disability management that emphasizes the work and organizational context - focuses on the type of work and the safety record of the organization, instead of focusing solely on individual employees.
40
What are the benefits of effective disaibility management and return to work programs to employers? (9)
1. Minimizing the costs of disability
2. A quick return to previous productivity levels
3. Less and shorter absences
4. Reduced work delays
5. Retaining skilled workers
6. Reduced training costs
7. Better reputation
8. Help reduce insurance costs
9. Avoiding litigation for failure to accomodate
41
How many workplace accidents occur worldwide each year?
300 million.
42
How much do occupational injuries cost the Canadian economy per year in direct costs?
$9.7 billion.
43
What is the duty to accomodate?
Legislated responsibility of employers to accommodate workers who are attempting to return to work following an injury or illness via changes in job tasks and/or the work environment to enable workers with a temporary or permanent disability to perform work productively.
44
What is the name for a program that helps an individual who cannot return to their original workplace?
Labour market re-entry programs.
45
What is light-duty work?
Workplace accommodation where workers return to a job that is less demanding than their previous job. Gradual work exposure is a kind of light-duty accommodation.
46
What is the term for modified work arrangements designed to help those with
permanent disabilities who have either not been
successful in competitive work environments or require
substantial support to return to work?
Supported and sheltered work.
47
What is the difference between PDA and FAA?
Physical Demands Analysis is a standardized evaluation of the physical and cognitive demands of a job, completed by someone familiar with the job. Functional Ability Assessment is a standardized assessment of an injured or ill worker's ability to perform job tasks, completed by a member of the health care team treating the injured worker.
48
Name some barriers to return to work.
- Slowdowns in the process
- Psychosocial factors
- Fear of stigma
- Long absences
49
What are the three stages of disability-related absence and their time frames?
Acute (1-30 days)
Subacute (31-90)
Chronic (>90)
50
Define safety compliance.
The extent to which employees follow safety rules and procedures.
51
Define safety participation.
The extent to which employees go beyond compliance and engage proactively and voluntarily to actively improve safety.
52
What three factors (model components) influence safety performance?
Ability, motivation, and opportunity.
53
What are the three theories of motivation relating to safety behaviour?
Reinforcement theory, goal-setting theory, and self-determination theory.
54
What is the ABC model?
Antecedent > Behaviour > Consequence
55
What do Behaviour-based safety programs do?
They attempt to institute positive, immediate, and certain consequences for safe working procedures.
56
What are the two kinds of extrinsic motivation?
Autonomous (self-directed) and Controlled (in response to pressure)
57
Define safety climate.
Shared perceptions among employees and organizational stakeholders of the importance of workplace safety.
58
What is an OHSMS?
An Occupational Health and Safety Management System - reflects an interactive collection of strategic organizational approaches and programs focused on identifying, achieving, and maintaining desired occupational health and safety targets.
59
What is an OHS program?
A health and safety program is a definite plan of action designed to prevent incidents and occupational diseases.
60
What is work-family conflict?
Inter-role conflict where pressures in the work and family domains are incompatible.
61
What are the two kinds of Flexible Work Arrangements?
Reduced Time in Workplace (Compressed Workweek, Job Splitting, Job Sharing)
Increase Control of Schedule (Flextime, Flexplace)
62
What are the two categories of Workplace Well-being Initiatives?
Health Promotion Programs and Family Friendly Policies
63
What does EFAPs stand for?
Employee and Family Assistance Programs, which provide counselling and assistance to employees and their family members with problems that may interfere with worker productivity.
64
What kinds of stress management programs are there?
Cognitive-behavioural skills training (helping people think about events in new ways and to be aware of how they view stressful events, and coping with stress).
Relaxation training, meditation, and mindfulness.
Increasing social support.
65
Define hazard.
Any object, action, or condition that can be a source of potential adverse health effect, damage, or harm to people, processes, or equipment within the workplace.
66
Define risk and risk perception.
Risk is the probability or the extent to which a hazard is likely to cause harm to people, processes, or equipment. Risk perception is an individual's interpretation of the potential for harm and their concern for the consequences, which influences how they behave in response to that hazard.
67
What are the three core steps of risk assessment?
1. Hazard identification
2. Risk analysis
3. Risk control
68
What five broad types of hazards are there?
1. Biological
2. Chemical
3. Ergonomic
4. Physical
5. Psychosocial
69
What are the five areas of hazard identification?
1. People
2. Equipment
3. Environment
4. Materials
5. Processes
70
What are the components of the Hazard Identification Program?
1. Identifying hazards in the workplace
2. Visible inspection of the workplace or taking samples to test for suspected contaminants
3. Walk-through surveys
4. Safety sampling
71
What are the two pillars of risk analysis?
Probability and consequences.
72
What are the two broad types of injuries at workplaces?
Overt Traumatic Injuries (coming into contact with an energy source)
Overexertion Injuries (excessive physical effort, repetitive motions, awkward working positions)
73
What are the origins of repetitive strain injuries?
- Unnatural joint position or posture
- Force application to hinge joints
- Activity repetition
- Pre-existing conditions
74
What is the Hierarchy of Controls?
1. Elimination
2. Substitution
3. Engineering controls
4. Administrative controls
5. PPE
75
What are some examples of administrative controls? (11)
1. Safety awareness programs
2. Visible reminders
3. Special events
4. Awards and incentives
5. Housekeeping
6. Preventive maintainance
7. Lockout procedures
8. Work permits
9. Confined space entry procedures
10. Monitoring/auditing
11. Record keeping
76
What are some examples of engineering controls?
1. Ventilation
2. Isolation
3. Equipment design and displays
4. Machine guarding
5. Ergonomic design
77
What are the two broad categories of controls?
Pre-contact (elimination, substitution, engineering, administrative controls) and point-of-contact controls (PPE).
78
What are the benefits of incident investigation? (6)
1. Determines direct causes
2. Identifies contributing causes
3. Prevents similar incidents
4. Creates a permanent record
5. Determines cost
6. Promotes safety awareness among employees
79
What three factors are incident investigations influenced by?
Timing, severity, and legal requirements.
80
What three kinds of information are collected in incident investigations?
Human factors, environmental factors, and situational factors.
81
What is a general approach to incident investigation?
1. Secure the scene
2. Gather evidence
3. Analyze information
4. Report the results of the incident investigation
5. Make recommendations
6. Follow up
82
What three primary methods are used in conducting investigations?
Observations/walkthroughs, interviews, re-enactments.
83
Define "agency".
The factor most closely associated with the cause of an incident. (A dog bite is the agency; the dog is the agent). Agencies are bad, agents are neutral.
84
What are the three theories of incident analysis?
Domino theory
Swiss cheese model
Normal incidents theory
85
What are the five dominoes?
1. Background (lack of control)
2. Personal defects (physical or mental problems, job factors such as wear and tear of equipment)
3. Unsafe acts and conditions
4. Incident
5. Injury
86
What are the four levels of defense in the Swiss Cheese Model?
1. Organizational influences
2. Local working conditions
3. Unsafe acts
4. Defenses, barriers, and safeguards
87
What three reasons do organizations have to need an emergency plan?
1. To mitigate (reduce the intial impact of a disaster)
2. To recover (restore the business to its original condition after the disaster has ended)
3. To ensure the continuity of the business
88
What is the Five-Stage Crisis Management Model?
1. Signal detection
2. Preparation
3. Damage containment
4. Recovery
5. Learning
89
What are the stages of emergency preparedness?
Precontact stage (assessing and planning potential responses)
Contact stage (evacuation, caring for the injured, ensuring emergency response)
Postcontact stage (dealing with emotional trauma and issues regarding the orderly return to work; business continuity planning)
90
What are the necessary precontact elements of dealing with an emergency?
1. Hazard evaluation
2. Emergency response plan
3. Emergency manager
4. Fire plan
5. Evacuation plan
6. Medical attention plan
7. Means to notify the authorities
8. Supplies and drills
91
What are the basic requirements of evacuation plans?
1. Divide site up.
2. Assembly points.
3. Instruct employees where to go once accounted for.
4. Critical equipment or processes that may increase the overall risk of the emergency should be addressed.
5. The end of the emergency can only be called by the senior person responsible for the operation's emergency procedures.
6. A post-evacuation assessment must be done to identify problems in the evacuation plan.
92
What parts of the fire triangle are there?
Fuel, heat, and oxygen.
93
What are the four stages of fire?
1. Incipient stage (a source of ignition and fuel come together)
2. Smouldering stage (fuel, oxygen, and heat are present and cause the heat to rise through limited chain reaction)
3. Free-burning stage (stage at which flames appear)
4. Uncontrolled fire stage
94
What are the considerations when developing a Fire Prevention Program?
1. Structural design
2. Barriers
3. Detection and suppression
4. Storage
95
What is critical incident stress debriefing (CISD)?
A post-trauma intervention focused on providing victims with an opportunity to discuss experiences and reactions to a traumatic event.
96
Define biohazards, chemical agents, and agents.
Biohazards are hazards created by exposure to infectious microorganisms, proteins, or nucleic acids.
Chemical agents are hazards craeted by exposure to chemicals.
Agents are any substances, chemical or biological, to which a human may be exposed at work or at home.
97
Describe the chain of infection.
1. Agent (common cold virus)
2. Reservoir (human) [the environment where the biological agent grows]
3. Portal of exit (respiratory tract)
4. Mode of transmission (droplets via sneezing) [the means or channel by which an agent is carried from one host to another]
5. Portal of entry (respiratory tract)
6. Susceptible host (human with compromised immune system)
And back to 1.
98
Define toxicity.
Ability to cause injury to human biological tissue.
99
What kinds of aerosol contaminants are there?
Dust, fume, smoke, mist, vapour, gas, liquid.
100
What are the four ways chemicals enter the body?
Respiration, skin absorption, ingestion, skin penetration.
101
Define ototoxicity.
Adverse or harmful effect on the nerves and/or bones required for hearing and balance.
102
What are the kinds of solvents?
In organic solvents (acids and bases) and organic solvents.
103
What are some characteristics/properties of solvents?
1. Low surface tensions
2. High vapour pressure
3. Low boiling point
4. Low heat of vaporization
5. High volatility
6. Ability to dissolve fats
7. Flammability
8. Vaporization
104
What is volatility?
The speed at which a solvent will evaporate.
105
What are the four characteristics of solvents relating to flammability?
1. Flash point
2. Lower explosion limit (LEL)
3. Upper explosion limit (UEL)
4. Auto-ignition temperature
106
What are the nine classifications of the effects of toxic materials?
1. Irritants
2. Asphyxiants
3. Anesthetics and narcotics
4. Systemic poisons
5. Sensitizers
6. Lung toxicants
7. Mutagens
8. Teratogens
9. Carcinogens
107
What are the three types of systemic poisons?
Liver toxicants, kidney toxicants, and neurotoxins.
108
What are the three elements of WHMIS?
Labels, Safety Data Sheets (SDS), and Training
109
What does a WHMIS supplier label require?
1. Product identifier
2. Initial supplier identifier
3. Pictogram(s)
4. Signal word
5. Hazard statement(s)
6. Precautionary statement(s)
7. Supplemental label information
110
What sixteen items must appear on an SDS?
Identification, hazard identification, composition/ingredients, first aid, firefighting, accidental release measures, handling/storage, exposure controls/personal protection, physical/chemical properties, stability/reactivity, toxicology information, ecological information, disposal considerations, transportation information, regulatory information, other information (such as last revision date).
111
What are four common physical agents (sources of energy that may cause injury or disease)?
Noise, vibration, extreme temperature, and radiation.
112
Radiation, the emission of electromagnetic energy, is divided into what two groups?
Ionizing and non-ionizing.
113
How can raditation exposure be controlled?
Regular monitoring, shielding, job rotation, protective equipment, and extensive training.
114
What is a dosimeter?
A device that measures the level of ionizing radiation a worker is exposed to, thereby providing an indication of whether they are within safe limits, or whether further actions are required.
115
What three characteristics of sound is the human hearing response conditional on?
Frequency, duration, and loudness.
116
What are the two basic types of hearing loss?
1. Conductive hearing loss (restricts transmission of sound to cochlea or inner ear)
2. Sensorineural hearing loss (nerve deafness)
117
What is the noise reduction formula?
NRR = Lactual - Lstandard + 7.
Lactual is the noise level measured in the workplace.
Lstandard is the noise standard for an eight-hour period.
118
What are the health effects of whole-body vibration?
Fatigure, nausea, stomach problems, headaches, inhibition of muscular reflexes, impaired or blurred vision, alterations of brain electrical activity.
119
What are the health effects of segmental vibration?
Sore muscles and joints, Raynaud's phenomenon/white fingers, neuritis and degenerative alterations of CNS, fragmentation, necrosis, decalcification of the carpal bones, muscle atrophy and tenosynovitis.
120
What is HAVS?
Hand-arm vibration syndrome is caused by working with handheld power tools, and can result in vibration-induced white finger (VWF), or more generally, HAVS.
121
What are the three methods of heat transfer that apply to the human body?
Conduction (when two surfaces are in contact)
Convection (when one surface adds heat to the surroundings)
Radiation (when energy is transmitted by electromagnetic waves)
122
What are five heat-related illnesses?
Heat edema, heat rash, heat cramps, heat exhaustion, heat stroke.
123
How is thermal stress measured?
Using the web bulb globe temperature index (WBGT).
124
What is the psychosocial model of health?
Approach to the study of health that highlights the importance of both the social environment and psychological factors.
125
Define and distinguish between stressors, stress, and strain.
A stressor is an objectively verifiable event that occurs outside the individual that has the potential to cause stress.
Stress is an individual's internal response to, or evaluation of, stressors; often characterized by negative feelings.
Strain is the result of stress; it is classified into four categories of reactions: psychological, physical, behavioural, and organizational.
126
What are the four categories of stressors?
Acute, Chronic, Daily, Catastrophic
127
What are the major categories of workplace stressors? (6)
1. Workload and work pace
2. Role stressors
3. Career concerns
4. Work scheduling
5. Interpersonal relations
6. Job content and control
128
What are three kinds of role stressors?
1. Role conflict (intra-role conflict) - when individuals face incompatible demands from two or more sources within a single role
2. Inter-role conflict - when employees face incompatible demands from two or more roles.
3. Role ambiguity - reflects the uncertainty that employees experience about what is expected from them in their work.
129
What are 13 organizational factors that affect psychological health at work?
- Organizational culture
- Psychological and social support
- Clear leadership and expectations
- Civility and respect
- Psychological demands
- Growth and development
- Recognition and reward
- Involvement and influence
- Workload management
- Engagement
- Work-life balance
- Psychological protection
- Protection of physical safety
130
What is a stress moderator?
Something that affects people's evaluation of stressors and how to react to them.
131
What are the four categories of strain reactions?
Psychological, physical, behavioural, and organizational.
132
What two disturbances does psychological strain include?
Disturbance in emotions (e.g., mood) and disturbance in cognition (e.g., concentration)
133
What is psychological involvement?
The degree to which a person identifies with a particular role and sees the role as a central component of his or her self-concept.
134
What are the intervention methods for managing psychosocial hazards?
Primary interventions (reduction or removal of stressors)
Secondary interventions (minimizing negative consequences once a person is feeling stress)
Tertiary interventions (for people experiencing symptoms of strain)
135
What are musculoskeletal disorders?
A group of painful disorders that affect the muscles, nerves, blood vessels, ligaments, and tendons.
136
Distinguish between aggression, violence, harassment, bullying, emotional abuse, mobbing, and incivility.
Aggression is behaviour by an individual/individuals within or outside an organization that is intended to physically or psychologically harm a worker and that occurs in a work-related context.
Violence is an actual physical assault or threat of an assault.
Harassment is engaging in annoying or embarrassing conduct against a worker in a workplace; conduct that is unwelcome.
Bullying is aggressive, nonphysical behaviours perpetrated by organizational members over a prolonged period of time.
Emotional abuse and mobbing are terms for bullying.
Incivility is low-intensity deviant behaviour with ambiguous intent to harm the target, in violation of workplace norms for mutual respect; rude or disrespectful.
137
What are the two broad categories fo violent acts related to labour disputes?
1. Confrontational violence (spur of the moment)
2. Purposeful violence (planned and deliberate)
138
Which industries report high rates of nonfatal assaults?
Health care, education, social services, law enforcement
139
What is SAVT?
Scheduling, Authority, Valuables, Taking care of others.
The more specific risks associated with situations or occupations.
It's also used to determine imminent risk:
Swearing, Agitation, Volume, Threat
140
What are the three categorical approaches to preventing Type II violence?
Environmental
Organizational/Administrative
Behavioural
141
Distinguish between the four types of workplace violence.
Type I - no legitimate relationship to the org
Type II - clients or customers
Type III - coworkers
Type IV - spouse or partner of the victim
142
What are some environmental strategies for reducing Type II violence?
- Metal detectors
- Surveillance cameras
- Bullet-proof glass in reception and nursing stations
- Effective lighting inside and outside hospitals
- Curved mirrors at hallways intersections
- Presence of security personnel
- Card-controlled entrances and security checks
143
What are some organizational/administrative prevention strategies for reducing Type II violence?
- Developing workplace violence and harassment policies and programs
- Establish practices to prevent aggression
- Written policy outlining what constitutes unacceptable behaviour
- Policies encouraging the reporting of violence
- Management should stress importance of reporting acts of aggression
144
What are some behavioural/interpersonal prevention strategies for reducing Type II violence?
- Training in confidence to deal with potentially dangerous situations
- Customer service skills training for resolving conflicts, recognizing escalating agitation, and managing and responding to aggressive behaviour.
- Letting people know about delays ahead of time
- Satff should be trained how and when to physically restrain patients.
145
What are some triggers for workplace aggression?
Unfair treatment
Abusive supervision
Role stress
Job insecurity
146
What are some Type III violence prevention strategies?
- Improving interpersonal relationships in the workplace.
- Creating open and transparent environment.
- Developing specific procedures for employees to resolve and discuss conflicts.
- Leadership training activities to decrease abusive supervision and increase organizational justice.
- Organizational policy that clearly labels violent and aggressive acts as inappropriate.
147
What is the role of OHS training?
To ensure that workers' basic rights are protected. Fulfilling the right to know (training on the workplace's hazards), the right to participate (training on how to report an incident/hazard), and the right to refuse unsafe work (training to help workers judge accurately which tasks are indeed unsafe).
148
What should be documented in a training program?
- How the training was developed
- What training was actually delivered
- How the training was delievered
- Which employees completed the training (and when)
149
What are the three parts of Instructional Systems Design (ISD) Model of Training?
Needs analysis
Training design and delivery
Training evaluation
150
What is involved with Needs Analysis for training?
1. Organizational analysis
2. Task analysis
3. Person analysis
151
What is involved with Training Design and Delivery?
1. Training objectives
2. Training content
3. Training methods
4. Learning principles
152
What is involved with Training Evaluation?
1. Evaluation criteria
2. Evaluation design
153
What is needs analysis?
Intended to identify employee and organizational deficiencies that the training can address - recognizes potential obstacles to successful training. Includes organizational analysis, job analysis, and person analysis.
154
What is organizational analysis?
An analysis of the entire organization, designed to examine resources, strategy, environment, and the industry in order to assess the organization's support for training.
155
What is job/task analysis?
When jobs and specific job tasks that are in need of training are identified adn studied.
156
What are the questions to ask for Training Design and Delivery?
1. What are the objectives for training?
2. What is the appropriate content for the training?
3. Will the training program be designed or purchased?
4. Who will receive the training?
5. Who will deliver the training?
6. Where will the training take place?
157
What are good qualities of external training providers?
1. Wide selection of courses
2. Cost saving
3. Help and support
4. Interactive training and current content
5. Industry experience
6. Competency-based training
158
What are some on-the-job training methods?
- Job instruction
- Performance aid
- Job rotation
- Apprenticeships
- Coaching
- Mentoring
159
What are some off-the-job training methods?
- Lecture
- Discussion
- Audio visuals
- Case incident
- Behaviour modelling
- Role-play
- Games
- Simulations
160
What are some technology-based training methods?
- Web-based
- Video/television
- CD/DVD
- Teleconference
161
What four important measures provide insight into the effectiveness of a training program?
1. Did the trainees have positive reactions to the training? (reactions)
2. Did the trainees learn the material covered in the training? (learning/retention)
3. Did the trainees apply what they learned and realize a change in work behaviour? (behavioural change)
4. Did the organization see positive organizational results following training? (ROI)
162
Ways to measure training effectiveness.
Surveys, interviews, focus groups.
Mastery of information presented.
Task simulation.
On-the-job behaviour. Self-report inventories, supervisor reports.
Observe employees' on-the-job performance.
163
What are some organizational evaluation measures?
- Incident, injury, and fatality rates.
- Incidence of close calls.
- Incidence of lost-time injuries.
- Absenteeism.
- Workers' comp claims and costs.
- Employee benefit costs.
- Safety inspection reports.
164
What common safety training initiatives are applicable to organizations of all sizes and sectors?
Safety orientation.
First-aid training.
WHMIS training.
