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Affective Neuroscience Test 4 > Remembering Fear, Stress and Emotion, and Anxiety > Flashcards

Remembering Fear, Stress and Emotion, and Anxiety Flashcards

1
Q

What is memory?

A

A reconstruction of events that consists of three stages based on various information

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2
Q

What is the progression of memory? (5)

A
  • Sensory Memory
  • Working Memory/Working Memory
  • Repetition
  • Long-Term Memory
  • Retrieval
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3
Q

What kinds of long-term memory is there? (8)

A

Explicit (Episodic and Semantic) and Implicit (Procedural, Emotional conditioning, priming effect, conditioned reflex)

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4
Q

What types of functional processes are implicated in encoding, and what are their functions? (3)

A

Temporo-occipital processing (perception), OFC-cingulate-caudate processing (attention), PFC processing (Interpretation/elaberation/rehearsal).

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5
Q

What brain areas are implicated in the consolidation/storage stage?

A

The hippocampus and sensory cortex.

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6
Q

What brain area is implicated in retrieval?

A

The PFC

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7
Q

What is the MTL system, what is it used for, and what brain region is it associated with?

A

Medial Temporal Lobe System, it is used for memory, and it’s associated with the hippocampus

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8
Q

What is the role of the neocortex in memory? (3)

A
  • large-capacity, permanent storage
  • integration of memory
  • involves slow learning
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9
Q

What is the role of the hippocampus in memory? (3)

A
  • temporary storage
  • no integration
  • involves quick learning
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10
Q

What is true of emotion in regard to memory modulation? (2)

A

Arousal of the emotion is more relevant than its valence. In this way, motion can modulate both explicit and implicit memory

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11
Q

How does the motivational/affective value guide encoding?

A

Threat grabs both attention and perception, and affective schemas selects what to encode.

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12
Q

How does the motivational/affective value guide storage?

A

Emotional memories are rehearsed more, and thus receive more cognitive appraisal. These memories are stored more effectively. Can lead to better emotion regulation.

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13
Q

How does the motivational/affective value guide retrieval?

A

We experience affective congruency and goal congruency: past memories are shaped by current emotions; we remember things consistent with our goals and beliefs.

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14
Q

What brain systems are implicated in controlled emotion processing, and what do they do? (3 systems, three functions)

A

vmPFC/OFC (representing emotional valence), ACC (goal orientation and maintenance), and the lateral PFC (volitional emotional regulation and cognitive reappraisal)

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15
Q

What are the brain systems implicated in implicit memory processing?

A

Amygdala and Basal Ganglia

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16
Q

Why is it important for extinction to happen in one of the critical moments?

A

To wipe it out of the sensory memory

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17
Q

How does someone erase fear memory? (3)

A

1) Initiate retrieval with the CS
2) Extinction training immediately after CS
3) CS reevalutated as non-threatening

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18
Q

What molecular component can block reconsolidation?

A

Protein synthesis inhibitors

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19
Q

What is the immediate extinction deficit?

A

The phenomenon where initiating extinction learning soon after learning results in little fear suppression. Encoding and retrieval parts of the brain don’t function well under stress.

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20
Q

What is the process of protein synthesis in LTP? (5)

A

1) Glutamate binds with NDMA receptors
2) Calcium influx
3) Protein synthesis signalled
3) RNA transcribed to protein
4) Structural changes, like more AMPA receptors

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21
Q

What is the role of hormones in memory consolidation?

A

Emotional modulation

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22
Q

What hormones are implicated in memory consolidation in fear learning? (3)

A

Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, and Glucocorticoids

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23
Q

What modulates hormonal effects in memory consolidation?

A

The amygdala

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24
Q

What are the two paths of hormonal release in memory consolidation?

A

Amygdala -> ANS -> incr. E/NE

Amygdala -> HPA -> incr. Cortisol

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25
Q

What brain systems are in charge of implicit and explicit memory, respectively?

A

Amygdala and hippocampus

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26
Q

What brain systems are implicated in retrieval of long-term emotional memories? (3)

A

The amygdala, the hippocampus, and the entorhinal cortex

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27
Q

What is critical for contextual memory?

A

The hippocampus

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28
Q

What are physiological modulators of anxiety?

A

Catecholamines and glucocorticoids

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29
Q

What is allostasis?

A

The process of adaption to maintain stability through change

30
Q

What is allostatic load?

A

The burden that the body sustains due to repeated cycles of allostasis and the inefficient turning on and off of these responses

31
Q

How does chronic stress affect allostatic load?

A

Excessive amount of stress hormones can cause physical and mental damage.

32
Q

What are four conditions that can lead to allostatic load that can have pathological effects?

A

1) Repeated hits from novel stressors
2) lack of adaptation
3) Prolonged response due to delayed
4) Compensatory hyperactivity of other mediators

33
Q

What parts of the brain are implicated in the HPA axis?

A

The hypothalamus, the pituitary gland, and the adrenal gland

34
Q

What bodily system is charge of regulating glucocorticoids?

A

The endocrine system

35
Q

What do GRs do in the amygdala? (3)

A

1) modulate processes of fear conditioning
2) facilitates extinction of fear learning
3) increases CRH release

36
Q

What, in regards to the HPA axis, characterizes anxiety disorders?

A

Alterations of functioning to a hyperactive mode, with reduced basal- and stress-related cortisol levels.

37
Q

How can chronic stress affect the HPA axis?

A

It can suppress its functioning.

38
Q

How can chemical imbalances affect allostatic load?

A

It can increase it

39
Q

What brain regions do the hormone CRH/CRF affect? (2)

A

The hypothalamus and the amygdala

40
Q

What hormones that are implicated in chemical imbalances can affect allostatic load? (2)

A

Serotonin and CRH/CRF

41
Q

What are four structural changes that occur in the brain as a result of allostatic load?

A

1) decreased neural excitability
2) atrophy of nerve cells in hippocampus
3) inhibition of neurogenesis in the hippocampus
4) permanent loss of nerve cells in hippocampus

42
Q

What is the process, neurologically, of stress modulating memory? (5)

A

1) Stress occurs
2) Release of E/NE and corticoids
3) NE in amygdala
4) Amygdala projections to neocortex, hippo, caudate, etc.
5) memory consolidated as more salient/vivid

43
Q

Regarding hormone release, how are depressed people different from non-depressed people?

A

Depressed people have higher concentrations of cortisol and ACTH in their blood throughout the entire day.

44
Q

What is anxiety?

A

A natural, healthy response that becomes debilitating and pathological in excess

45
Q

What are three facts about the epidemiology of anxiety?

A

1) Most common psychiatric disorder
2) high comorbidity with other anxiety disorders and other psychiatric disorders
3) Comorbidity rates for GAD or PTSD and psychiatric disorders are about 80%

46
Q

What is the official heritability of anxiety disorders? What is the adjusted heritability?

A

30-40%, 50-60%

47
Q

What role does the amygdala play during anxiety? (4)

A

1) Assessing threat imput
2) Flight-or-fight response (projects to brain stem)
3) Facilitates sensory acquisition
4) Enhancing arousal and learning

48
Q

How are the amygdala and PFC affected by anxiety?

A

A: heightened reactivity PFC: suppressed inhibition

49
Q

What brain region is affected by PTSD, and how does it affect it functionally?

A

The vmPFC, and it becomes hyperresponsive during extinction (emotion regulation, attention regulation, symptom provocation)

50
Q

What does the fear learning model of anxiety state? What evidence is there? (3 things)

A

Anxiety is a classically conditioned response to a CS

1) effectiveness of exposure therapy for ADs
2) greater excitatory conditioning to danger cues
3) impaired inhibitory learning compared to controls

51
Q

What is the primary treatment for ADs?

A

Exposure therapy mediated by extinction learning

52
Q

What are the structural implications of PTSD?

A

Amygdala hyper-responsitivity, ACC deficiency, and hippocampal deficiency

53
Q

What are the structural implications of specific phobias and social anxiety disorders?

A

Hyper-reactive amygdala, hippocampus, and insula

54
Q

What are the causes of panic disorders?

A

Suffocation fear, due to the brain lactate metabolism system’s acid sensing ion channel (ASIC) responding to low pH.

55
Q

What is the neural basis for OCD?

A

It starts in the cortico-striato-thalamo-cortical circuitry. Striatum is inefficient at inhibiting thalamus and OFC, and OFC becomes hypereactive as a result. This leads to obsessions.

56
Q

What are the three components of the MTL?

A

Entorhinal cortex, rhinal sulcus, and perirhinal cortex

57
Q

What are the two possible results of retrieval?

A

Reconsolidation or forgetting

58
Q

What is the key neurotransmitter in memory?

A

Glutamate

59
Q

How does propranol affect memory consolidation, based on the study presented in class?

A

It decreases it to an extent; after presentation of emotional response, retrieval of neutral memories is similar to control.

60
Q

What did the lesion patients SM and WC demonstrate about memory, respectively?

A

SM: lesions in the amygdala created deficits in implicit memory
WC: lesions in the hippocampus created deficits in explicit memory

61
Q

What is the role of the HPA axis in memory consolidation?

A

To regulate the activity of the other brain regions implicated in memory consolidation

62
Q

What is the role of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

A

Relay station for stress hormones and stress signals

63
Q

What kind of feedback do gloucocorticoids have on the HPA?

A

Negative feedback

64
Q

Where are glucocorticoid receptors (GRs) located in the brain?

A

The amygdala and the hippocampus

65
Q

What symptom of anxiety is associated with the amygdala-centered circuit?

A

Panic/phobia

66
Q

What symptom of anxiety is associated with hippocampal stimulation of the amygdala?

A

Re-experiencing

67
Q

What symptom of anxiety is associated with amygdala output to the periaqueductal grey.

A

Avoidance

68
Q

What symptom of anxiety is associated with amygdala output to the locus ceruleus?

A

Autonomic response

69
Q

What symptom of anxiety is associated with amygdala output to the hypothalamus?

A

Endocrine system

70
Q

What symptom of anxiety is associated with amygdala output to the parabrachial nucleus?

A

Breathing

71
Q

What are all anxiety disorders characterized by?

A

Amygdala hyper-reactivity

72
Q

What are obsessions and compulsions?

A

Obsessions are intrusive, repetitive thoughts, and compulsions are repetitive, impulsive actions.

Affective Neuroscience Test 4 (1 decks)

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