Remote Capture Flashcards

Question

Naloxone

Answer 1

Pure narcotic antagonist, may reverse all opioids listed above Reverse in 1-3 min IV Short half life, renarcotization seen with carfentail Dose given to elk of 2 ucg for every 1 ucg of carfentanil given

Answer 2

Antagonist used to reverse **etorphine**, **agonistic properties on own** * Acts as antagonist when given after etorphine Rapid reversal Adverse effects = rare * Overdosing: continued immobilization DT partial agonist activity Human accidently gets etorphine, no diprenorphine (DT agonist effects)

Answer 3

Adverse effects: hyperthermia, excessive salivation, catecholamine release, convulsions Act fast, relatively wide margin of safety, cardiorespiratory depression only moderate  Laryngeal function somewhat preserved Combined with a benzo or alpha-2 agonist= additive or synergistic Particularly effective in carnivores, primates, birds; no known antagonist

Answer 4

Never used as a sole immobilizing agent, co-administer with tranquilizer-sedative Optimum dose, first effects = 2-5 min post IM, full effects 5-10 min - duration 45min-2hr **Ketamine based combos = unreliable in bears, do not use in vultures**

Answer 5

First effect = 1-2 min, full effects 15-30 min Onset usually smooth with good muscle relaxation, somatic analgesia Duration of effect, quality of emergence, duration of recovery vary with species: tiletamine, zolazepam metabolized at different rates Recovery in 3-8 hours, may be prolonged in some species If reconstitute with a2 agonist – decrease volume injected, enhance analgesia, decrease recovery times following antagonism of a2 agonist

Answer 6

Tigers, other big cats (debated) Rough recoveries in ungulates - ruminants, swine NZWR

Answer 7

Alone = unreliable immobilization in most species hypoxia in ungulates, hypertension +/- bradycardia  Contribute to ruminal tympany, regurgitation in ungulates Also alters thermoregulation Very excited animals --> not predictable level of immobilization

Answer 8

1 mg of atipamezole : 10 mg xylazine (IM) 5 mg atipamezole : 1 mg detomidine (IM)

Answer 9

 Produce sedation, analgesia, and muscle relaxation  Unreliable alone: medetomidine + low dose ketamine or Telazol  Antagonism with atipamezole = 3-5x medetomidine dose

Answer 10

Atipamezole = most selective, can be used in all species Species-dependent differences in response to yohimbine, tolazoline but less with atipamezole  Yohimbine not particularly effective in wild bovids IM unless emergency: CNS excitation, tachycardia, hypotension followed by hypertension with IV ---Animals may arouse rapidly without warning following IV ---Potentially dangerous species = may not give you time to escape

Answer 11

-typically paired with opioids (etorphine) -long-acting tranquilizer to facilitate translocation -overall stress reduction -effects = days to weeks

Answer 12

 Slow-onset, long-acting PTZ derivative formulated in sesame oil vehicle  Onset 12-16 h, effects last up to 10 days

Answer 13

Thioxanthene derivative, lasts up to 3-4 days – 1mg/kg IM in most studies Occasionally, extrapyramidal signs

Answer 14

 Butyrophenone drug, used as a tranquilizer in pigs  +/- alpha 2, +/- opioids for ax, immobilization of wild/farmed ungulates  Pigs = DOA of 6 h

Answer 15

 Budget for at least 50% more drug than is actually needed  Help offset drug wasted from lost darts or poor dart placement

Answer 16

Metal darts not loaded for >12hr: possible corrosive action of drugs may impair injection mechanism Preloaded darts with air-activated discharge should not be pressurized; have tendency to lose pressure if armed for extended period

Answer 17

within 30-40m Animals may be stalked, baited, approached in a vehicle or helicopter, or trapped or snared prior to approach Trapped animals advantage of limiting movement during capture * May be more stressful than helicopter capture, esp for bears

Answer 18

**Dart placement** = most important determinant of induction time

Answer 19

Facilitate fast drug absorption --> muscle mass of **neck, shoulder, or hindquarters** must be injected

Answer 20

Brown bears: **dart in hindquarter** when they emerge from **spring** dens In **fall** due to large fat stores, **dart in shoulder or neck** Use hindquarters to spring Hair falls on neck and shoulders

Answer 21

 When a2 used, animals head or limbs should not move prior to approach  Telazol alone or with narcotics, may be some involuntary movement

Answer 22

lateral or sternal

Answer 23

in sternal – help prevent tympany * If problem, rock animal back and forth to stimulate eructation * Pass tube orally/nasally if needed: may predispose to regurgitation, aspiration * Tympany severe: finish procedure, antagonize agents * Alpha2 antagonist will increase ruminal activity to help

Answer 24

Painful procedures first after initial sedation when in deepest plane of anesthesia

Answer 25

common during wildlife immobilization Hypoxemia + hyperthermia is very serious * Increased metabolism, tissue oxygen demand * Increases risk of inducing exertional myopathy Supplemental oxygen with pulse oximetry being measured **Tachycardia followed by severe bradycardia (HR <30 bpm) = warning sign that hypoxemia is very severe**

Answer 26

Ungulates more prone to hyperthermia, especially after long chase Planning immobilization during cooler periods of day or at cooler times Temps >40 Degrees C (104 F)= cause for concern Temp > 41 C = emergency and treated aggressively

Answer 27

Loud noises increase risk of sudden arousal, especially the **vocalizations of distressed offspring** Changing positions Painful stimuli

Answer 28

Spontaneous blinking will reappear Carnivores often develop chewing and paw movements * Progresses to head lifting Xyla-ket or medet-ket immobilization, head lifting or limb movement = animal minimally obtunded and should NOT be approached

Answer 29

Reversible drug combination not used: animal should be observed until it can ambulate  Place in a comfortable position  Final set of vitals taken TWO people to administer reversal, typically IM

Answer 30

Femoral a Auricular a Depends on species

Answer 31

Most immediate sign = critical rise in body temp (>40-41 C) Rapid shallow breathing, panting, and weak, rapid, or irregular heart rate Moving the animal into shade or spraying it with cold water  Also can pack ice/snow around it, cold water enemas

Answer 32

low temps, characterized as temp <35 C Mostly in young animals, animals with low body mass, poor condition Prolonged recovery, acidosis, coagulopathies, and arrhythmias Dry and cover animal + external heat source

Answer 33

Most commonly associated with pursuit, capture, restraint, transportation Prey species, particularly ungulates predisposed * Also long legged wading birds * Less common in carnivores but can occur under certain conditions

Answer 34

**Effects of sympathetic exhaustion + sustained stress + intense muscular exertion** Sustained muscular exertion = production, buildup of lactate in muscle Leads to metabolic acidosis, death of SkM; release of intracellular K+, Ca2+, myoglobin High amounts of myoglobin in plasma, ultrafiltrate in renal tubules = ARF Hyperkalemia, acidosis, acute arrhythmias, circulatory failure

Answer 35

Difficult to treat PREVENTION IS KEY Chase limited to 2 min Capture efforts not resumed for at least 1 day if failed If several individuals from same herd require capture, advisable to have enough handlers to capture multiple at same time rather than repeatedly stressing herd

Answer 36

1. Acute Death Syndrome/Capture Shock Syndrome 2. Delayed Peracute Death Syndrome 3. Ataxia-Myoglobinuric Syndrome 4. Muscle Rupture Syndrome

Answer 37

**during mobilization or within short time after capture**, death usually within 1-6hr post capture Depression, tachypnea, tachycardia, hyperthermia, weak thready pulses, death Elevations in AST, CK, LDH Postmortem lesions: small intestinal, hepatic congestion plus pulmonary congestion and edema Histopath: small areas of necrosis in SkM, brain, liver, heart, adrenals, lymph nodes, spleen, pancreas, renal tubules

Answer 38

RARE, animals in captivity >24hr --Animals appear normal if left undisturbed --If stressed/captured, try to run or escape but stop abruptly and stand/lie still for a few moments o Eyes dilate, death ensues within several minutes * Cause of death: ventricular fibrillation Elevations in AST, CK, LDH No gross or histopathologic lesions post mortem

Answer 39

**Most common, several hours to days post capture** Clinical signs: **mild to severe ataxia, torticollis, myoglobinuria** Elevations in AST, CK, LDH, BUN Post mortem: main lesions in kidney, SkM

Answer 40

24-48hrs post capture, animals normally appear normal **Clinical signs: marked drop in hindquarters, hyperflexion of hock due to unilateral or bilateral rupture of gastrocnemius muscle** Elevations in AST, CK, LDH Most animals die within few days Postmortem: massive subcutaneous hemorrhage of the rear limbs, muscular lesions similar to ataxic myoglobinuric syndrome but more severe, widespread

Answer 41

early phase of large capture project before immobilization protocols have been refined, drug dosages adjusted, team members experienced >2% mortality during trapping = unacceptable

Answer 42

1. Direct effect of immobilizing agents themselves 2. Indirect effects of drug(s) used 3. Secondary Effects caused by capture process itself

Answer 43

1. Direct effect of immobilizing agents themselves 2. Indirect effects of drug(s) used 3. Secondary Effects

Answer 44

Drowning, pneumothorax Etorphine often induces hyperthermia --> animal seeks water then drowns

Answer 45

* Trauma traps * Long term effects form chasing * Have nothing to do with ax risk per se, treated as a separate entity