Renaissance Flashcards
(179 cards)
1
Q
Allegiance
A
Loyalty or commitment of a subordinate to a superior or of an individual to a group or cause. Being loyal and
2
Q
Anatomy
A
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of humans, animals, and other living organisms, especially as revealed by dissection and the separation of parts.
3
Q
Aqueducts
A
A pathway that gave people running water.
4
Q
Astronomy
A
The study of stars.
5
Q
Beliefs
A
An acceptance that a statement is true or that something exists. To, “believe in something or someone”
6
Q
Bills of Exchange
A
A written order to a person to pay for something or to someone.
7
Q
Black Death
A
A medieval plague that infected and killed around 200 million people.
8
Q
Christianity
A
A religion based on the teachings of Jesus.
9
Q
City-state
A
The city-state is a usually small, independent country consisting of a single city.
10
Q
Civic Humanism
A
The term for moral and social and political Philosophy.
11
Q
Classic civilizations
A
Classic civilizations is the study of the cultures of the Ancient Mediterranean.
12
Q
Crusades
A
Comes from the latin word meaning cross, the cross which Jesus was crucified. to go on a Crusade means to fight for Christ.
13
Q
Cultural Contact
A
A contact between peoples with different cultures, usually leading to change in both systems.
14
Q
Democracy
A
A system of government by the whole population or all the eligible members of a state, typically through elected representatives.
15
Q
Excommunication
A
The action of officially excluding someone from participation in the sacraments and services of the Christian Church.
16
Q
Exploration
A
The act of discovering and traveling to unknown land to learn about it.
17
Q
Feudalism
A
A social system that had the king on top, then the nobles, then knites, then peasants last.
18
Q
Heresy
A
The definition of heresy is a belief or action at odds with what is accepted, especially when the behavior is contrary to religious doctrine or belief. Basically a belief that does not apply to other religions and thoughts.
19
Q
Hierarchy
A
A system or organization in which people or groups are ranked one above the other according to status or authority.
20
Q
Hinterland
A
the often uncharted areas beyond a coastal district or a river’s banks.
21
Q
Holy Land
A
The holy land of Jerusalem which the crusades fought over.
22
Q
Humanism
A
a system of thought that centres on humans and their values, potential, and worth; concerned with the needs and welfare of humans.
23
Q
Indulgences
A
“a way to reduce the amount of punishment one has to undergo for sins” in a Catholic Church.
24
Q
Islam
A
A religion based on the teachings of Prophet Mohammed.
25
Isolation
the process or fact of isolating or being isolated.
26
Judaism
Judaism is the ethnic religion of the Jewish people, comprising the collective religious, cultural and legal tradition and civilization of the Jewish people.
27
Manor/Fiefdoms
The manor is a castle which a noble owns and a fiefdom is the land.
28
The Middle Ages
In the history of Europe, the Middle Ages lasted from the 5th to the 15th century. It began with the fall of the Western Roman Empire and merged into the Renaissance and the Age of Discovery.
29
Monarchies
A form of government where the "monarch" (usually king or queen) is the highest and in charge.
30
Nobles
A rank which is lower than the king. they manage and hire people to work for the king.
31
Oligarchy
a small group of people having control of a country, organization, or institution.
32
Patrons
a person who gives financial or other support to a person, organization, cause, or activity.
33
Peasants/serfs
A peasant is a pre-industrial agricultural laborer or farmer with limited land ownership, especially one living in the Middle Ages under feudalism and paying rent, tax, fees, or services to a landlord. A serf is a person who is forced to work on a plot of land, especially during the medieval period when Europe practiced feudalism, when a few lords owned all the land and everyone else had to toil on it.
34
Perspective
the way or point of view something is seen.
35
Philosophers
a person engaged or learned in philosophy, especially as an academic discipline.
36
Pilgrim
A pilgrim (from the Latin peregrinus) is a traveler (literally one who has come from afar) who is on a journey to a holy place.
37
Renaissance
A time period after the Middle Ages. It means rebirth.
38
Rural
in, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town.
39
Scientific method
A method of acquiring knowledge that was further developed during the Renaissance.
40
Silk Road
The Silk Road is a network of trading routes that stretches across Asia to Europe.
41
Sovereignty
supreme power or authority.
42
Trade
To give something for something else in exchange.
43
Urbanization
the process of making an area more urban. ( make it more city/town like)
44
Usury
the illegal action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest.
45
Values
the regard that something is held to deserve; the importance, worth, or usefulness of something.
46
Vernacular
the language or dialect spoken by the ordinary people in a particular country or region
47
Worldview
The way a person or group views the world.
48
Tithe
A portion of your money (10%) that you have to pay to the church.
49
Francesco Petrarch
an Italian scholar and poet during the early Italian Renaissance who was one of the earliest humanists. Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited with initiating the 14th-century Italian Renaissance and the founding of Renaissance humanism. He was a poet, scholar, and mountaineer.
50
Erasmus
Desiderius Erasmus Roterodamus, known as Erasmus or Erasmus of Rotterdam, was a Dutch philosopher and Christian humanist who is widely considered to have been one of the greatest scholars of the northern Renaissance. he was a writer, philosopher, and theologian.
51
Michel de Montaigne
Michel Eyquem de Montaigne, Lord of Montaigne was one of the most significant philosophers of the French Renaissance, known for popularizing the essay as a literary genre. His work is noted for its merging of casual anecdotes and autobiography with intellectual insight. He was a philosopher and a writer.
52
Leonardo de Vinci
Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci, known as Leonardo da Vinci, was an Italian polymath of the Renaissance whose areas of interest included invention, drawing, painting, sculpture, architecture, science, music, mathematics, engineering, literature, anatomy, geology, astronomy, botany, paleontology, and cartography.
53
Donatello
Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi, better known as Donatello, was an Italian sculptor of the Renaissance. Italian sculptor Donatello was the greatest Florentine sculptor before Michelangelo (1475–1564) and was the most influential individual artist of the 15th century in Italy.
54
Nicolaus Copernicus
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance-era polymath who formulated a model of the universe that placed the Sun rather than Earth at the center of the universe, in all likelihood independently of Aristarchus of Samos, who had formulated such a model some eighteen centuries earlier. He was an Astronomer, Physician, Diplomat, Philosopher, Artist, Economist, Mathematician, and Polymath.
55
Geoffery Chaucer
Geoffrey Chaucer was an English poet and author. Widely seen as the greatest English poet of the Middle Ages, he is best known for The Canterbury Tales. Chaucer has been styled the "Father of English literature". He was the first writer buried in Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey.
56
Sir Thomas More
Sir Thomas More, venerated in the Catholic Church as Saint Thomas More, was an English lawyer, social philosopher, author, statesman, and noted Renaissance humanist. He was also a Chancellor to Henry VIII, and Lord High Chancellor of England from October 1529 to 16 May 1532
57
Martin Luther
Martin Luther, O.S.A., was a German professor of theology, composer, priest, monk, and a seminal figure in the Protestant Reformation. Luther was ordained to the priesthood in 1507. He came to reject several teachings and practices of the Roman Catholic Church; in particular, he disputed the view on indulgences.
58
Lorenzo de Medici
Lorenzo de' Medici was an Italian statesman, de facto ruler of the Florentine Republic and the most powerful and enthusiastic patron of Renaissance culture in Italy. Also known as Lorenzo the Magnificent by contemporary Florentines, he was a magnate, diplomat, politician and patron of scholars, artists and poets.
59
Sir Francis Bacon
Francis Bacon, 1st Viscount St Alban, PC QC was an English philosopher and statesman who served as Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. His works are credited with developing the scientific method and remained influential through the scientific revolution. Bacon has been called the father of empiricism. He also was the creator of the Scientific Method.
60
Henry The Navigator
Infante Dom Henrique of Portugal, Duke of Viseu, better known as Prince Henry the Navigator, was a central figure in the early days of the Portuguese Empire and in the 15th-century European maritime discoveries and maritime expansion.
61
Christopher Columbus
Christopher Columbus was an Italian explorer and colonizer who completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that opened the New World for conquest and permanent European colonization of the Americas.
62
Ferdinand Magellan
Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who organised the Spanish expedition to the East Indies from 1519 to 1522, resulting in the first circumnavigation of the Earth, completed by Juan Sebastián Elcano.
63
Francis Drake
Sir Francis Drake was an English sea captain, privateer, slave trader, pirate, naval officer and explorer of the Elizabethan era.
64
Queen Elizabeth I
Elizabeth I was Queen of England and Ireland from 17 November 1558 until her death on 24 March 1603. Sometimes called the Virgin Queen, Gloriana or Good Queen Bess, Elizabeth was the last of the five monarchs of the House of Tudor.
65
Vasco da Gama’s
Vasco da Gama, 1st Count of Vidigueira, was a Portuguese explorer and the first European to reach India by sea. His initial voyage to India was the first to link Europe and Asia by an ocean route, connecting the Atlantic and the Indian oceans and therefore, the West and the Orient.
66
Be able to identify the eight (8) Worldview categories and explain how they shape a person’s perspective of the world.
- Geography, How does geography make a person eat or dress or influence nature's beauty in your perspective?
- Time, How does time influence your day, how is time divided?
- Beliefs, What religions are found in your society? Who controls the religion, how does religion influence your society, how does science influence society?
- Society, What roles and jobs are available in society? Who had the power in society? How does one get status in your society? How is society divided? What different groups are found in society?
- Values, What is important to you, it might make you think that the world is how you value it.
- Economy, How does the person think that the economy of the world is, if he only knows that some of the world is poor, he might think all of it is poor.
- Knowledge, How do people obtain knowledge, how do you know the knowledge is acceptable. Based on what you know you might think the world is like it.
67
When did the Middle Ages begin and with what event?
In September 4, 476 AD at the Fall of Rome.
68
Why did Europe become such a violent place during the Early Middle Ages?
Because the barbarians came and took over and ruled
69
Who is thought to be a key figure in bringing stability to Europe? What event lead to the power of this figure and how did he bring stability?
King William the Conqueror created and bring peace. He created the feudalism system
70
Why is the feudalism hierarchy often drawn in a pyramid shape?
Because it best explains it because the king is by himself, that's why he is in a small triangle, then it gets bigger as nobles are more, then knights are more, and peasants are the most.
71
What did Feudalism provide?
A system based on your rank in society.
72
What did a lord’s strength depend on?
The land they had. The more the better.
73
What two things did a lord needed to defend his property and people?
Needed knights and a wall around the manor.
74
How could a regular serf escape from serfdom? Explain.
If the serf lived 1 year and 1 day in a town they would earn their freedom.
75
How was life as a merchant different than peasant or lord?
Merchants are like peasants but they get paid and have higher status, and they are also lower than lords.
76
How did a guild control society?
They controlled the prices of goods and set standards of quality. At ten children could be trained as an apprentice then after years of training they would take a test to become journeymen and be admitted to the guild.
77
Why was religion so important to people living in the Middle Ages?
Because they wanted a better afterlife so that they could go to heaven. The pope said they had to follow what he said and he would tell them if they are going to heaven or hell.
78
Why do you think medieval people accepted without question what the church was telling them?
Because the pope was the highest and represents god according to the pope. They wanted a better afterlife so they listened to the pope and church no matter what.
79
Why do you think people would want to become a Monk or Nun?
So that they could spend most time praying and worshiping so that they can have the best afterlife.
80
Describe 3 ways in which the church was central to people’s lives?
Was in the middle of the village where everyone could go, it was what would give them a good afterlife, and made most of their life decisions.
81
The Church was the only organization at the time offering education. How did this role give the church power?
Everyone would gop their because no other place offered education and the church would get money.
82
What were the Crusades? Who was involved? What were they fighting over? What was the main purpose of the Crusades?
The crusades were people that were "fighting for Christ" to take over the holy land. Christians, Jews, and and Muslims were fighting for the land. The main purpose was that if you die you can go straight to heaven.
83
What did Europeans bring back from war?
The crusades changed Europe in many ways. The crusades were exposed to many religions different than their own by meeting them on the way because many religions considered places like Jerusalem important and holy. The Crusades opened safer routes for thousands of religious pilgrims by protecting the lands. Men, women and children visited these holy sites, and met other different societies because all of them could meet at these holy places and all considered them holy. Europeans also became more aware of their cultures by becoming more religious because of joining the crusade.
84
What was the Bubonic Plague’s nickname?
The Black death
85
One major cause of the plague was what and how did it spread?
One major cause was fleas that bit rodents and transferred the bacteria and germs when they later bit humans, this spread by trade. other people from other places came and made contact and so the plague spread.
86
How did the plague reach Europe?
It reached Europe by trade,
87
Why were the peasants revolting and in what did it happen?
The hundred year war devastated the countryside, and then high rents and taxes were placed
On the peasants to finance the war. The black plague already put a question on the minds of people. The peasants couldn't stand it anymore.
88
What was the result of the peasants’ revolt?
Many peasants killed many nobles and burned many manors.
89
How did the peasant revolt demonstrate a change in worldviews?
People think that whoever was fighting the peasants was bad because the peasants also have a reason to revolt, so something is wrong.
90
In what way did trade affect the worldviews of Europe?
By interacting with different, new cultures, people have a different way of viewing the world.
91
What was exchanged along the Silk Road?
Oil, spices, and new fruit were traded for salt, iron, copper, lead, timber, fur, fish, and wool.
92
Feudalism involved obligations among various groups within the feudal hierarchy.
The peasants made food and farmed for the knights, the knights offered protection. the nobles hired the knights and workers and paid them and got paid. The king provided land for the nobles.
93
What, besides trade goods, passed along the trade routes?
New diseases and cultures where discovered.
94
What two things did the Crusades lead to? Explain them.
The crusades lead new ideas, new information and trade.
95
Where was the silk road located?
The silk road was a trade route that ran from Europe to Asia
96
Who was at the center of the silk road?
The middle man was the Middle East.
97
What was the Silk Road?
It is located in Europe and Asia, going through Europe, the Middle East, and China.
98
What goods did Italian merchants bring in by sea? Give examples.
Oil, spices, new food and fruits are examples of what they brought.
99
What was the most valuable trade good?
Peppercorn was the most valuable trade good.
100
What goods did Europeans use to trade?
Salt, iron, copper, lead, timber, fur, fish, and wool were traded.
101
How were these goods transported?
Goods were transported on ships.
102
What factors contributed to the rise of trade between Western Europe and the East at the beginning of the Renaissance?
Crusades, Trade, Black death, and peasants revolt were the events leading up.
103
What impact might increase trade and business have on a society’s worldview? Link your answer to specific
The profit that you would get if you traded more goods.
104
Feudalism eventually collapses. What were the two major reasons for the collapse of feudalism? Do not just list the event, be sure to explain how it helped lead to the collapse of feudalism.
The peasants Revolt and The Black death were the reasons for the collapse of feudalism. if peasants didn't live their life than why would they work. and black death because if people die, the governments cant stay.
105
Why did people's attitude towards the church begin to change? You should be able to list and explain two things.
Peoples attitude changes because of the Black Death. Now they were questioning why god sent this death. Another reason is that schools were open, so people didn't care about the church, as they could go to school and learn.
106
Be able to provide information about how each of the following factors affected medieval society. How did these factors affect social structures? Refer to the feudal hierarchy, how did these factors begin to change the feudal hierarchy.
- The Black Death
- Changing Technology
- Increase in Wealth
- Rise of Towns
- Knowledge Transfer From Other Cultures
- The Crusades
- The Peasant Revolt
The Black Death: a lethal plague that wiped out 50 million people. People started questing the church on why god would send this.
Changing theology: people started questioning the church and god because why didn't the church let them read the bible? Why did they have to listen to everything the church said?
Increase in Wealth: some [people became very rich and other poor.
Knowledge Transfer From Other Cultures: people learned new cultures from other peoples cultures and religions. Some people started converting.
The Crusades: People went and fought for Christ, this made contact between 3 different cultures. The people met new people and cultures and interacted with them.
The Peasant Revolt: when the peasants revolted because of raises of tax and fought for their rights. If no more peasants were their to provide food for knights and nobles, he whole social structure fell.
107
Give 3 general reasons why the location of city-states in Italy were so successful.
- Italy was closest to the port cities of northern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean Sea where spices and other luxury goods were available for trade.
- If you wanted to go east you would run into them
- They were in the middle
108
Explain why the Italian City-States became so powerful and important to the rest of Europe.
Because of their wealth and location.
109
Why was Italy seen as Europe’s Gateway to the East? How did increased trade lead to the emergence of powerful city-states in Italy?
Italy was the closest sea port to the east, it was the gateway to the East, transportation by sea was cheaper and easier
110
What are the four reasons for economic success in the Italian City-States? Explain them.
1. Geography. Of all Europe, Italy was closest to the port cities of northern Africa and the eastern Mediterranean Sea where spices and other luxury goods were available for trade. As a result, transporting these goods by sea was easier and cheaper for traders in Italian cities than for those of other European countries.
2. Climate. The climate of Italy is milder than the climate in the European countries north of the Alps. This meant that trade and travel were not interrupted by winter weather. The long growing season produced crops like olives and grapes — important trade items. Wine made by fermenting grapes was a popular drink across Europe; oil pressed from olives was used for cooking.
3. Leadership. Northern Italy had a different history from the rest of Europe. In pre-modern Europe, most countries were monarchies, that is, ruled by a king or queen. Northern Italy, on the other hand, was a collection of independent city-states. They had their own governments, armies, and controlled their own affairs. The city-states of Venice, Milan, Florence, and Genoa grew into the wealthiest trading, business, and banking centres of Europe.
4. Social Organization. Feudalism did not have nearly as strong a hold in Italy as it did in the rest of Europe. In Italy, the nobles tended to move into the towns, where they took their place in the upper classes of urban society. Many of them became involved in business and politics.
111
Describe Florence, Genoa, and Venice.
Florence is a city in central Italy, it was a city known for its art and was known for the Medici family. It had many famous artists and very beautiful art, like its city.
Genoa (Genova) is a port city and the capital of northwest Italy's Liguria region. It's known for its central role in maritime trade over many centuries. it is also known for the birthplace of Christopher Columbus.
Venice is a city in Italy It had a stable form of government. It was more successful in sea trade than any other city-state, in large part because it had built up a strong shipyard, naval base, and armory. The merchant class became very wealthy through trade with the East.
112
Who was the Medici family? How were they so successful?
The Medici family ruled the city of Florence throughout the Renaissance. They had a major influence on the growth of the Italian Renaissance through their patronage of the arts and humanism. The Medici family were wool merchants and bankers. Both businesses were very profitable and the family became extremely wealthy.
113
What ideas from classical times (Greek and Roman times) helped shape the Renaissance humanist worldview? Give specific examples from the section.
The Greek and Roman civilizations that form
what we call “Classical civilization”
The Islamic civilization that preserved the
knowledge of Classical civilization and further
developed it, especially in the sciences, math,
and medicine of the great civilizations
in India and the Far East.
114
How can thinkers and philosophers bring about change in society?
They can learn new things and then spread the ideas to the world because they are trusted, because we know they have read and researched.
115
What does the art of this time tell us about the Renaissance society?
It tells us about how it was and how the artists felt and viewed the world.
116
In what ways can shifts in ideas affect a society’s worldview? Give specific examples linked them to specific worldview elements.
It can affect a society's worldview because they start believing in things that might not be true, but it is just the way they view the world. For example if the ideas shift and some people start to believe, more people and more start believing.
117
Why was the term Renaissance used for this time? What does it mean?
Because it meant "rebirth" and relates to the rebirth of the world after the Middle Ages.
118
What specific areas of the Greek and Roman civilizations did Renaissance humanists look at?
They looked at sets of rules for other cultures on how to behave and live life. They also looked at beliefs and what happens in the afterlife.
119
What three intercultural contacts lead to the Humanist Worldview?
Islak
Greek
Roman
120
What are the four main beliefs of the humanist about the individual?
◆ Human beings can use the power of reason, that is, thinking to find
truth for themselves.
◆ It is important for a person to have an open, curious, and questioning mind.
◆ People can achieve great things through learning.
◆ Individuals should be skilled in many different areas. They should
develop not just their minds but also their bodies and spirits.
121
What do civic humanists believe is important?
Civic humanists believed that being a responsible citizen meant educating yourself about history and political issues and working to improve society.
122
What does the phrase “educating the whole child” mean?
Educating the whole child means thinking about each student as a human being in full, and not limiting the scope of education only to a narrow focus on core subject areas
123
What were some new studies that were added during the Renaissance? Why do you think these studies were added?
Studies added during Renaissance:
```
Greek and Roman writings, physical
training, ethics and morality (right
behaviour), aesthetics (philosophy of
beauty), manners and behaviour,
history, eloquence (persuasiveness)
```
124
How was religion at this time different from the Middle Ages?
Renaissance thinkers emphasized ideas and values such as individual achievement and the importance of history and the arts.
125
How is Renaissance art different from Medieval Art?
Artists became interested in portraying the beauty of the human body and the natural world.
Patrons, people who paid artists to produce works, played an important role in promoting the arts during the Renaissance.
many artists found inspiration in the art of the ancient Greeks and Romans. In the Middle Ages, most art had religious themes and this continued through the Renaissance.
The Renaissance also saw a growing interest in portraits and landscapes.
126
Explain how the eight worldview elements changed in the Middle Ages times to Renaissance times.
The eight worldview elements changed through the years because of many changes in each world view. People in the Renaissance spent time differently. They have more knowledge than the Middle Ages. They don't have the same money and economy as they did, they have more now. The geography changed, they don't have castles, and feudalism, they don't have peasants trapped on a piece of land. Now they dont belief in only what Middle ages believed in, they believe in more things, and learned about new religions and cultures. Their values also changed, they added new values and morals you should live life by. Society also changed as new people came.
127
```
Many changes in science occurred during the renaissance. Explain how these 4 sciences changed in the renaissance. Do not just list words but explain how the science changed. At least 2 examples per science.
Astronomy
Medicine
anatomy
mathematics
```
Astronomy- The truth was discovered, Ex: Earth is a planet that moves around a stationary Sun. Johannes Kepler concluded that planets travelled in an elliptical (oval) orbit, not perfect circles as Copernicus believed.
Medicine- During the Renaissance medical knowledge grew, particularly in anatomy and surgery. Scientists and doctors began to apply the scientific method to make new discoveries about the human body and how it worked. They also took methods from the FN.
Anatomy- During the Renaissance, dissection was made legal for the purposes of study in many Italian cities. They could now discover and learn new things about the human body.
Mathematics- The works of ancient mathematical scientists like Euclid (geometry) and later works by al-Khwarizmi (algebra) were studied with new vigor during the Renaissance. Thinkers like Leonardo da Vinci believed that mathematics was the basic tool for understanding the universe. Mathematical proofs were an important part of the scientific method.
128
Write a paragraph discussing how that idea influenced the world we live in today. Give at least three reasons
Leadership was changed by the exchange of ideas because…
Science was changed by the exchange of ideas because…
Art was changed by the exchange of ideas because…
Religion was changed by the exchange of ideas because….
Leadership was changed by the exchange of ideas because of a new leader called, Isabella D’Este. At that time, girls didn't have a such high rankings. She Married the duke when she was 16, and when he traveled, she would rule instead of him. New leaders change the people, into new people. The point is they believed that strong leaders would bring peace and stability that would allow business and arts to prosper.
Science was changed by the exchange of ideas because new scientific rulers brought new rules and in the Renaissance, scientists discovered new knowledge from studying and from taking from other cultures. Scientists often used observations about the natural world. But the Florentine civil servant Niccolò Machiavelli was observing people and governments. His observations led him to new ways of thinking about leadership and power.
Art was changed by the exchange of ideas because new artists learned from the past. new artists took art from the past and made it more detailed, and protraided them better. they added feelings and backgrounds to paintings. Also the Medici family founded and sponsored artists to make better art for Florence. many people sponsored artists to make their cities more beautiful.
Religion was changed by the exchange of ideas because people discovered new religions. The humanists studied new religions such as Islam and some people converted. Pholosiphers and humanists began to study these religions and took some morals and rules and implied them to their knowledge.
129
How can discoveries in the sciences shape people’s worldviews? Link your answers to specific worldview elements.
It can shape people's worldviews because they are learning something new, or bien proven wrong. For example, beliefs. One of the beliefs was that the earth was at the centre of the universe, now, science has proven that statement wrong.
130
What roles do leaders play in changing or maintaining a worldview? Link your answers to specific worldview elements.
Because they control the people. if they tell them something is true, their is a large chance people would believe it and their thoughts on the world would change.
131
How do ideas and knowledge spread? Give examples from this section.
They spread by humanist beliefs.
132
How did the Renaissance lead to the growth and exchange of ideas across Europe? Give examples from this chapter.
It lead to growth and exchange by discovering new ideas and the truth behind things they believed in.
133
Why was the scientific method important?
The use of the scientific method led to discoveries in many areas of science during the Renaissance. The most important advances were in astronomy, medicine, and mathematics.
134
How did astronomy change during the Renaissance?
It lead to new and very important scientific advancements and discoveries. For thousands of years, right up until the Renaissance, most people believed that the Sun went around the Earth.
135
How did medicine change during the Renaissance?
During the Renaissance medical knowledge grew, particularly in anatomy and surgery. Scientists and doctors began to apply the scientific method to make new discoveries about the human body and how it worked.
136
How did anatomy change during the Renaissance?
During the Renaissance, dissection was made legal for the purposes of study in many Italian cities.
137
What new developments in math came about during the Renaissance?
Mathematical proofs were an important part of the scientific method. Earlier civilizations contributed much to Renaissance understandings of mathematics. The concept of zero, for example, was used in ancient India, and the decimal system we use today was refined by Muslim mathematicians.
138
How was religion changing at this time?
it was changing because some scientific research and discoveries proved some beliefs wrong.
139
What was a major criticism of the church?
It was that some people in position in authority do not behave appropriately.
140
Explain the Protestant Reformation.
It is Martin Luther's idea about the church and how people should rely on the bible for spiritual guidance, not the church.
141
Explain the Catholic Counter-Reformation
The Catholic Church lost much of its authority and membership because of the Protestant Reformation. Pope Paul III called a series of meetings, now known as the Council of Trent, at which the Church examined its policies. This movement was known as the “Catholic Counter Reformation.” As a result of these meetings, corruption among the higher clergy was cleaned up and priests were given a better education.
142
How did information spread during this time?
The Renaissance was also an information age in that there were so many new ideas and so much new knowledge. The Renaissance began in Italy and eventually spread through France, Spain, and Portugal as well as northern Europe. Later, ideas also spread from the Americas to Renaissance Europe. For example, one of the first novels, Utopia, described characteristics of the Aboriginal peoples such as equality without money. But spreading ideas and information 500 years ago was very different than it is today.
At the beginning of the Renaissance, information was still largely spread by word of mouth. It was mostly spread through books.
Invasions into the Italian Peninsula exposed European monarchs and nobility to Renaissance worldviews. They took new ideas back to their homelands with them.
• In many cases, the northern leaders hired Italian craftsmen and invited scholars to their courts.
• When Northern Europe entered a period of relative peace
in the late 15th century, trade increased, and the ideas of humanism spread.
• The European aristocracy borrowed ideas from Italy as they looked for ways to increase the sophistication of their courts.
143
Explain the three effects of the printing press and more books on the Renaissance.
Using this new technology, printers could produce thousands of books in the time it had once taken to
make a single copy. They were printed on paper, which was much less expensive than parchment. Books allowed an exchange of ideas and knowledge in Europe on a scale that had never been known before.
144
Increase trade and contact with the east lead to…
Many of the goods that Italian merchants began to bring in by sea after the Crusades were luxury goods that were not available in Europe. They included precious jewels, rugs, and fabrics like silk, muslin, taffeta, and satin.
145
Increased trade within Europe lead to…
intercultural contact led to exchanges of ideas and knowledge, as well. Although the Silk Road was major trade route, few of the travellers along the road were European.
146
Competition among the Italian city-states for power lead to...
This competition led to frequent warfare among them.
147
Changing business practices and a focus on wealth lead to…
Changing business practices and a focus on wealth lead to making trade and business between countries easier.
Ex:
Partnerships and Joint Stock Company:
Used to raise capital (money) for larger projects. Less financial risk to the individual.
Insurance:
Paid a small fee to insure goods during travel. If goods were damaged or lost, insurance company pays replacement costs. If goods arrive safely,insurance company keeps the fee.
148
What are some of the main ideas of Humanism? You should be able to list 4 or 5
- There is no god
- Humanism emphasizes human dignity and the love of nature.
- This philosophy sees humans solving problems with rational thought and without the influence of secular or religious institutions.
- Humanism supports individual liberty, as well as human rights and responsibility for humankind and the planet.
149
How did Humanist thinkers bring about change in Renaissance society?
they were able to affect many aspects of Renaissance society. They also spread humanism and taught it in some schools.
150
What were Savonarola’s criticisms of the church and why do you think some church officials wanted to silence him?
He criticized them of being corrupted and that they were wrong. They wanted to silence him so that people don't know that they are corrupt.
151
What impact did the printing press have on the spread of ideas?
By 1500, there were more than six million books in print in Europe. Books allowed an exchange of ideas and knowledge in Europe on a scale that had never been known before.
◆ Now that books were cheaper and more accessible, middle-class people began to read, discuss, and eventually write about the exciting ideas of their time.
◆ Instead of printing books only in Latin, more books, including translations of the Bible, were printed in the vernacular, that is, the language that ordinary people spoke. The success of Luther’s 1522 New Testament was based in part on existing demand for books and Bibles in German.
◆ Thinkers like Erasmus made money from the books they wrote. This gave them the freedom to travel to many cities and universities spreading their ideas.
152
Explain the statement “Gold, Glory, God” in terms of the Age of Exploration.
Historians use a standard shorthand, “Gold, God, and Glory,” to describe the motives generating the overseas exploration, expansion, and conquests that allowed various European countries to rise to world power between 1400 and 1750. “Gold” refers to the search for material gain through acquiring and selling Asian spices, African slaves, American metals, and other resources. As merchants gained influence in late-medieval western Europe, they convinced their governments to establish a direct connection to the lucrative Asian trade, leading to the first European voyages of discovery in the 1400s. “God” refers to the militant crusading and missionary traditions of Christianity, characterized in part by rivalry with Islam and hatred of non-Christian religions. “Glory” alludes to the competition between monarchies.
153
Who were four Renaissance Explorers?
Christopher Columbus, Vasco da Gama, Jacques Cartier, and Ferdinand Magellan
154
What influence did the Renaissance have on the early explorers?
Renaissance Europeans had the mental outlook and the
| motivation for exploring the world and expanding their trade, their gold supplies, and the influence of Christianity.
155
How did the Spice Trade help lead to the Age of Exploration?
Renaissance Europeans spent huge amounts of money on luxury goods and spices from the East. Spices were expensive because they were moved over great distances and passed through so many hands on their way to European consumers. So they got to explore east and get the spices.
156
Who was Prince Henry?
Prince Henry of Portugal, who became known as Prince Henry the Navigator, had a great interest in ships and navigation. Just as wealthy Italians like the Medici became patrons of artists, Prince Henry became a patron of Portuguese explorers. He sponsored many voyages of exploration along the coast of Africa. He also established a centre at Sagres where cartographers, mathematicians, astronomers, sailors, and navigators from all over Europe gathered to share their knowledge. They improved navigational instruments and created maps based on the information brought back by Portuguese explorers. They also created mathematical tables that helped sailors to determine their latitude, that is, their distance north or south of the Equator.
157
What does the European treatment of people they came into contact with reveal about their worldview?
That they think the others are low nad that they are better.
158
What attitude did Europeans have toward indigenous people they found in the new territories that partly resulted in imperialism?
They only valued wealth and did not respect the First Nations. It shows they had the power, and did not want to be controlled by anyone. The Europeans thought that their thinking and point of view was way better than the Indigenous people. They were strongly committed to their religion and worked constantly trying to convert the First Nations to their religion.
159
What was England and France’s response to this secret Treaty of Tordesillas?
England and France ignored its terms and sent out explorers across the North Atlantic to find new territories.
160
Spain became the richest country in Europe for many years. How did Britain react to this wealth? What technology did the British create to take riches from the Spanish ships?
English sailors looked with envy on the Spanish galleons loaded
with treasure.
Fortunately for them, English shipyards developed
small, fast, highly manoeuvrable vessels that were ideal for attacks on the large, slower-moving Spanish galleons.
161
Discuss the motivations for expansion.
To gain power, land and wealth.
162
What factors might motivate a society to venture into unknown regions beyond its border?
The rise of trade and business
163
How can exploration and expansion affect the worldview of a society and the societies it comes into contact with? Link your answer to specific worldview elements.
Because they make contact and see the world outside their imagination, hey get to know more about the world.
164
What is imperialism?
Imperialism is the extension of power over a territory and its resources and people.
165
What is expansionism?
it is the policy of territorial or economic expansion.
166
Give two reasons why the Europeans explored to expand trade.
During the Renaissance, trade grew across Europe as people with money demanded luxury goods. Commerce and manufacturing also expanded as merchants, bankers, and manufacturers invested their profits in new business ventures.
The economic worldview of the time encouraged growth and expansion.
167
Give two reasons why Europeans explored to expand Christianity.
To spread their religion and because Jesus said to explore.
168
What are the two political reasons why Europeans wanted to expand?
Patriotism and growing imperial power spurred countries to compete with others for supremacy. It’s a matter of national pride, prestige and security. Empires sought strategic territory to ensure access for their navies and armies around the world. The empire must be defended and, better yet, expanded. Political motives were often triggered as responses to perceived threats to the security or prestige of the imperial power or its citizens abroad.
169
What four new tools helped Europeans have the means to explore?
Compass, Astrolabe, Cross Staff, Back Staff.
170
What happened when Europeans traveled East?
Europeans captured and transported millions of Africans to the Americas as slaves. Millions of them died on route from the terrible conditions on the slave ships or from overwork when they arrived.
171
What was The Battle of Diu?
After Vasco da Gama’s successful voyage, Portuguese fleets began making yearly trading trips to the Indian Ocean. Arab merchants saw the Portuguese as intruders into their trading territories and regularly attacked their ships. Finally, there was a decisive sea battle between a large fleet of Arab ships and a much smaller Portuguese force off the Indian port of Diu. Because the Portuguese had cannons, they won the battle and established military control in this part of the world.
172
What happened with Europeans traveled West?
Christopher Columbus sailed west for 33 days, then he found land. He went another 3 expeditions to the Caribbean, then he died bitter and poor after his fourth voyage in 1506. He was convinced to the end that he had reached Asia.
173
Describe New Spain.
The territories in Central and South America claimed by
| Columbus and other Spanish explorers became known as New Spain.
174
What were the four results of European Imperialism?
◆ By 1600 less than one-tenth of the original population of the Americas remained.
◆ Perhaps 90 million Indigenous people died during that time.
◆ Most died of diseases, such as smallpox, measles, influenza, bubonic plague, yellow fever, cholera, and malaria brought by the Europeans. These diseases were unknown in the Americas, so Indigenous peoples had no immunity, or resistance, to them.
◆ Many Indigenous peoples in the Americas completely died out, among them the Beothuk of Newfoundland and the Ona of Tierra del Fuego.
175
What happened to written records of the Indigenous peoples?
Most of the written records of the original peoples of the Americas were destroyed along with their cities and monuments. The Spanish, for example, burned thousands of ancient books of the Mayan people.
176
Why did the Europeans see imperialism as a good thing?
Because they were getting more power and land.
177
How was Queen Elizabeth a “true Renaissance monarch”?
Elizabeth was a true Renaissance monarch. She was well educated; she read Latin and Greek and was a
great patron of the arts. Under her reign, England defeated Spain, the most powerful country in the Europe at the time, in a great naval battle. She sponsored explorers like Francis Drake and settlements in North America. Queen Elizabeth I contributed to England’s transformation into a prosperous trading country and a world power.
178
How were Indigenous people different than Europeans?
Indigenous people were closer to nature. They did not live crowded together in noisy, dirty cities as many Europeans did. Many of their communities operated on principles of equality and sharing.
179
Explain how our worldview today is different than that of the Europeans in the 1400s?
Today we have the internet, the news, and other medias which tell us things. We know about the world and the truth. before they relied on their own thoughts and didn't have new to tell them.
