Renaissance Art And Reformation

Question 1

Where and when did humanism begin?

Answer 1

Humanism began in Italy in the 15th century.

Question 2

When did humanism spread throughout Europe?

Answer 2

It spread throughout Europe in the first half of the 16th century.

Question 3

What is anthropocentrism?

Answer 3

It is the belief that human beings are at the center of the world, with free will and the ability to understand and improve it.

Question 4

What is the importance of antiquity in humanism?

Answer 4

Humanists valued ancient Greek and Latin cultures and studied classical texts.

Question 5

What role did science play in humanism?

Answer 5

Humanists were interested in scientific and technological progress based on observation and experimentation.

Question 6

Why did humanists use vernacular languages?

Answer 6

To make knowledge more accessible, replacing Latin and Greek.

Question 7

Who was Petrarch?

Answer 7

An Italian poet considered the first humanist.

Question 8

Who was Erasmus of Rotterdam?

Answer 8

A Dutch humanist known for spreading humanist ideas and criticizing Church abuses.

Question 9

What did Thomas More and Machiavelli study?

Answer 9

They focused on political organization.

Question 10

What did Vesalius and Copernicus contribute to humanism?

Answer 10

Vesalius studied human anatomy; Copernicus proposed the heliocentric theory.

Question 11

How did the printing press affect humanism?

Answer 11

It helped spread humanist ideas and classical texts more efficiently.

Question 12

Who invented the printing press with movable type?

Answer 12

Johannes Gutenberg.

Question 13

What was the first book printed with movable type?

Answer 13

The Gutenberg Bible, printed in Mainz in 1455.

Question 14

Why did people question the Church at the end of the Middle Ages?

Answer 14

Because of the clergy’s corruption, ignorance, and the sale of indulgences.

Question 15

Who was Martin Luther?

Answer 15

A German monk who initiated the Protestant Reformation.

Question 16

Why did Luther break with the Catholic Church?

Answer 16

He opposed the sale of indulgences and the corruption he witnessed in Rome.

Question 17

What did Luther do in 1517?

Answer 17

He posted his 95 theses criticizing Church practices on a church door in Wittenberg.

Question 18

What are the three principles of the Reformation?

Answer 18

Salvation through faith, the Bible as the only authority, and universal priesthood.

Question 19

Why did Luther want the Bible translated into vernacular languages?

Answer 19

So everyone could read and interpret it themselves.

Question 20

Why did German princes support Luther?

Answer 20

They wanted to reduce the power of the Pope and Emperor.

Question 21

Where did Lutheranism spread?

Answer 21

Germany, Sweden, Denmark, and Norway.

Question 22

What is Calvinism?

Answer 22

A Protestant doctrine founded by John Calvin, based on predestination.

Question 23

What is Anglicanism?

Answer 23

A form of Protestantism founded by Henry VIII in England after separating from Rome.

Question 24

What was the Catholic Church’s response to the Reformation?

Answer 24

The Counter-Reformation, including internal reforms and reaffirmation of doctrine.

Question 25

What was the Council of Trent?

Answer 25

A council held from 1545 to 1563 to reform the Church and respond to Protestantism.

Question 26

What doctrines were reaffirmed by the Council of Trent?

Answer 26

The 7 sacraments, the Vulgate Bible, worship of saints and the Virgin, and the need for faith and good works.

Question 27

What reforms were introduced by the Council of Trent?

Answer 27

Ban on indulgence sales, improved clergy discipline, creation of seminaries.

Question 28

What was the Roman Inquisition?

Answer 28

A tribunal to fight Protestantism and heresy.

Question 29

Where did the Renaissance begin?

Answer 29

In Florence, Italy, in the 15th century.

Question 30

Who supported Renaissance artists?

Answer 30

Wealthy patrons like the Medici family.

Question 31

What inspired Renaissance art?

Answer 31

Classical antiquity and humanist ideals.

Question 32

What are the main characteristics of Renaissance painting?

Answer 32

Use of perspective, naturalism, mythological and religious themes.

Question 33

What are the two types of perspective?

Answer 33

Linear perspective and aerial (atmospheric) perspective.

Question 34

Who used the sfumato technique?

Answer 34

Leonardo da Vinci.

Question 35

Who were key Quattrocento painters?

Answer 35

Masaccio, Piero della Francesca, and Botticelli.

Question 36

Who were key Cinquecento painters?

Answer 36

Leonardo da Vinci, Raphael, and Michelangelo.

Question 37

What did Renaissance sculptors focus on?

Answer 37

Human proportion, harmony, emotion, and movement.

Question 38

Name important sculptors from the Renaissance.

Answer 38

Donatello and Michelangelo.

Question 39

What did Renaissance architects do?

Answer 39

They reinterpreted and perfected Classical architecture.

Question 40

Name key Renaissance architects.

Answer 40

Brunelleschi, Alberti, Bramante, and Michelangelo.

Question 41

What was the impact of the printing press on education?

Answer 41

It made books more accessible and encouraged literacy and education.

Question 42

Why was Erasmus critical of the Church?

Answer 42

He opposed ignorance and superstition and promoted education and tolerance.

Question 43

What was the purpose of the 95 Theses?

Answer 43

To challenge the Catholic Church's practices, especially the sale of indulgences.

Question 44

What does 'universal priesthood' mean?

Answer 44

All believers can act as their own priests and interpret the Bible.

Question 45

Why were indulgences controversial?

Answer 45

They were sold as pardons for sins, exploiting believers financially.

Question 46

How did the Catholic Church reinforce discipline among clergy?

Answer 46

By requiring celibacy, residence in parishes, and creating seminaries.

Question 47

What was the role of the Medici family in the Renaissance?

Answer 47

They were patrons of the arts and supported many Renaissance artists.

Question 48

What is 'sfumato' in painting?

Answer 48

A technique used to create a soft transition between colors and tones.

Question 49

How did Renaissance artists differ from medieval ones?

Answer 49

They signed their works and were seen as individuals with social prestige.

Question 50

What was the Thirty Years' War?

Answer 50

A series of religious conflicts between Catholics and Protestants in Europe.