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European History > Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment > Flashcards

Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment Flashcards

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0
Q

What was the difference between the Italian and northern renaissance?

A

The Italian renaissance was more secular, while the northern renaissance focused on becoming more religious through study of classical texts

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1
Q

What were the 3 major themes of the italian renaissance?

A

Humanism, individualism, and secularism

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2
Q

Who were the Medicis?

A

Banking family of Florence

Very powerful oligarchy

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3
Q

What is a city-state?

A

An independent nation that is comprised of just one city

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4
Q

Who was Petrarch and what did he believe?

A

1304-1374, father of humanism
Wrote sonnets
First to use term “dark ages”
Saw contemporaries as barbaric

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5
Q

Who was Boccaccio?

A

1313-1375

Wrote The Decameron

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6
Q

Who was Baldassare Castiglione?

A

Wrote The Courtier

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7
Q

Who was Giovanni Pico?

A

Reconciled all philosophies

Wrote Oration on the Dignity of Man

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8
Q

Who was Giotto?

A

1267-1337

Painter famous for solid bodies, expression of emotion, and suggestion of landscape

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9
Q

Who was Masaccio?

A

1401-1428
Painter who put new emphasis on nature, 3D human bodies, and perspective
-first to show nudes

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10
Q

Who was Donatello?

A

1386-1466
Sculptor, focus on the beauty of the human body
Nude sculptures, free-standing bronze statue (David)

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11
Q

Who was Brunelleschi?

A

1377-1446
Architect; symmetry, simplicity, balance, harmony
Dome of Duomo in Florence

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12
Q

Who was Leonardo da Vinci?

A

1452-1519
Painter; technical perfection
Mona Lisa, last supper, self portrait, Vitruvian man

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13
Q

Who was Raphael?

A

1438-1520
Painter; perspective, ancient styles, sense of peace
Papal apartments, school of Athens, self portraits, madonnas

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14
Q

Who was Michelangelo?

A

1475-1564
Painter, sculptor; individuals w/strength, ambition
Marble David, Sistine chapel, “last judgement”

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15
Q

Who was Titian?

A

1479-1576

Painter; luxury scenes

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16
Q

When and where was the Italian Renaissance?

A

15th century

Florence, Rome, Venice, Milan

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17
Q

What were the political systems in the Italian renaissance?

A

Medici family in Florence

Italian city-states

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18
Q

What did Machiavelli write?

A

The prince

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19
Q

What did Dante write?

A

Divine comedy

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20
Q

What was the impact of the Italian renaissance?

A

It spread north

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21
Q

Where was the northern renaissance?

A

North of alps, Spain

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22
Q

What were the political systems in the northern renaissance?

A

Holy Roman Empire

Strong church influence

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23
Q

What were the goals of the northern renaissance?

A

Christian humanism

  • Hebrew and Greek texts of bible
  • less sudden
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24
What did Erasmus write?
Praise of folly, on civility in children, handbook of a Christian knight
25
What did Thomas More write?
Utopia
26
What did Gutenberg do?
First printing press, printed bible into vernacular
27
Who was Albrecht Dürer?
``` Northern painter Did prints (Young Hare) ```
28
What was the impact of the northern renaissance?
More shipbuilding and navigation | Exploration of new world
29
What does vernacular mean?
Local language, not Latin
30
Who was Savonarola?
He burned church offenses in a "bonfire of vanities" | He was then burned at the stake as a heretic
31
What is humanism?
Study of humanities: grammar, rhetoric, philosophy, poetry, history Classical authors God created universe, but HUMANS developed it
32
What is individualism?
Capabilities and rights of humans, emergence of idea of free spirits and geniuses
33
What is secularism?
The present world is important, not just a way to the afterlife Focus on man, not god
34
What is classicism?
Study of Greek and Roman texts, philosophy, etc. | different way to see the world
35
What did Erasmus believe?
Tried to reform church while remaining loyal | Faith in education, discussion, gradual moral development
36
Who was Martin Luther?
Posted 95 theses on Wittenberg church door | -criticized Tetzel's indulgences
37
Who was Johann Tetzel?
He was a friar who was selling indulgences in Germany to help raise money for a new dome @ St. Peter's cathedral
38
Who was John Calvin?
Founded city of god @ Geneva | Wanted a Christian state
39
Who was Ulrich Zwingli?
Leading figure of anabaptists | Started peasant revolts
40
Who was Charles V?
Holy Roman Emperor during reformation
41
Who were the Hapsburgs?
Wealthy banking family of Austria
42
What caused the English reformation?
Henry VIII wanted divorce from wife Catholic Church wouldn't grant Split from Catholic Church, Henry VIII becomes head of church
43
What was the peace of Augsburg?
Each German area could choose own religion, but everyone in region had to follow it
44
What was the treaty of Westphalia?
Stopped 30 year war between Protestants and Catholics - fragmented Germany - independence of Switzerland and holland - no more fighting over religion
45
Who were the Jesuits?
Christians focused on educational reform (built schools)
46
Who were the Fuggers?
Wealthy banking family of the Netherlands
47
Who was Copernicus?
Polish, 1473-1543 - Wrote On the Revolutions of Heavenly Bodies - heliocentric model
48
Who was Kepler?
German, 1571-1630 | Elliptical orbits
49
Who was Adam smith?
Wrote Wealth of Nations - supply and demand - competition = invisible hand = equilibrium
50
Who was John Locke and what did he believe?
- Life, liberty, property "natural rights" - Blank slate- tabula rasa - social contract
51
What did René Descartes believe?
"I think, therefore I am" - coordinate geometry - dualism (extended and thinking)
52
What did Francis Bacon believe?
Inductive method of reasoning | -wrote The New Atlas
53
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe?
Wrote The Social Contract -civilization corrupts "Man is born free but everywhere he is in chains"
54
Who was Isaac Newton?
Wrote Principia Mathematica - started Enlightenment Era - gravity!
55
Who was Immanuel Kant?
Summarized many philosophies | Names enlightenment
56
Who is Charles de Montesquieu?
Wrote Spirit of Laws | -separation of powers
57
Who was FMA Voltaire?
Made enlightenment accessible, easy to understand -wrote Candide
58
Who was Hegel?
Dialectic- | Thesis vs antithesis --> synthesis
59
In what order did the Tudor monarchs rule?
Henry VIII Edward VI Mary I Elizabeth I

European History (1 decks)

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