renal 1

Question 1

what is the history of urine color?

Answer 1

since ancient times, urine characteristics have been used as an indicator of health and functioning of the body:
-color: yellow, pale straw, red or even black (blackwater fever: type of malaria that hemoglobin is broken down)
-clarity: froth (high protein content)
-odor: infection
-taste: ? diabetes historically known as honey-urine disease

Question 2

what is the most important function of the kidneys?

Answer 2

homeostatic regulation of water and ion content of the blood (salt-water balance or fluid-electrolyte balance)

Question 3

what are the functions of the kidney?

Answer 3

1. regulation of extracellular fluid volume and blood pressure
2. regulation of osmolarity: kidneys + behavior
3. maintenance of ion balance: Na+, K+ and Ca2+
4. homeostatic regulation of pH
5. excretion of wastes: metabolic and xenobiotics
6. production of hormones: erthropoietin, renin

Question 4

what is the reserve capacity of the kidneys?

Answer 4

1:1000 people are born with one kidney, can loose 3/4 kidney function before affecting homeostasis

Question 5

what is the graph/picture of the urinary system?

Answer 5

Question 6

how much cardiac output does the urinary system?

Answer 6

-20-25%
but less than 1% of our body weight

Question 7

what are nephrons?

Answer 7

the functional unit of the kidneys
-80% cortical nephrons (in cortex)
-20% juxtamedullary nephrons (@ junction and in medulla)
-1 million/kidney juxtaglomerular apparatus

Question 8

what are the vascular components of the kidneys?

Answer 8

Question 9

what is the very simple graph of the flow in the kidneys?

Answer 9

Question 10

what is the tubular component of the kidneys?

Answer 10

Question 11

what are the four processes of the kidneys?

Answer 11

-filtration: bulk-flow of fluid and dissolved solutes from the glomeralus into the bowman’s capsule
-secretion: movement of substance from the blood into another portion of the nephron (not bowman’s capsule)
-reabsorption: movement of substances from nephron to the blood (more selective than bulk flow)
-excretion: movement (removal) from the body

Question 12

how much plasma is absorbed during these four processes of the kidneys?

Answer 12

approximately 180L of plasma is filtered at the glomeruli each day >99% is reabsorbed, 1.5L/day is excreted
-70% of reabsorption occurs in the proximal tubule
-loop of henle responsible for creating dilute urine
-distal tubule and collecting duct finely regulate salt and water balance under the control of hormones

Question 13

what is the graph of the plasma being absorbed during the four processes of the kidneys?

Answer 13

Question 14

what varies in the nephron?

Answer 14

the quantity and composition of the substance being reabsorbed or secreted varies in different segments of the nephron (not all 4 happen for each substance)

Question 15

what is the equation for the amount excreted?

Answer 15