Renal

Question 1

100% glucose reabsorption occurs in

Answer 1

PCT

Question 2

Secondary active transport for glucose seen only in PCT of kidney is

Answer 2

SGLT-2

Question 3

SGLT-2 blockers

Answer 3

Glifosins -Cana-,Papa- & Empaglifosin

Question 4

Renal threshold for glucose reabsorption

Answer 4

200mg/dl

Question 5

Channel present in descending LOH

Answer 5

Aquaporin-1

Question 6

Concentrating segment of the nephron

Answer 6

Descending LOH, only permeable to water, impermeable to sodium

Question 7

Channels in ascending LOH

Answer 7

Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter

Question 8

Bartin

Answer 8

2°active transport through Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter in ascending LOH

Question 9

Diluting segment of nephron

Answer 9

Ascending LOH; impermeable to water, permeable to sodium

Question 10

Drugs and syndromes associated with Na+/K+/2Cl- transporter

Answer 10

1. Loop diuretics

2. Barter’s syndrome

Question 11

Channels present in DCT

Answer 11

Apical end (near lumen) - 1. Na+Cl- cotransporter; 2. TRPV-5
Basolateral (blood vessel) end- ¹1. Na+Ca2+ Exchanger

Question 12

Na+Cl- cotransporter - function, drugs, syndrome

Answer 12

Transports Na+ & Cl- from urine to cell.
Thiazide diuretics - blocks it
Mutation - GITELMAN’s Syndrome.

Question 13

TRPV-5 - function & regulation

Answer 13

Transient Receptor potential Vanilloid channel - 5
Reabsorption into cell
Regulated by PTH & vitamin D

Question 14

Direct renin inhibitor

Answer 14

Aliskiren

Question 15

JG Apparatus

Answer 15

1. JG cells - on the wall of afferent arterioles
2. Macula Densa - in thick ascending LOH.
3. Extraglomerular Mesenchymal Cells - supporting cells in kidney

Question 16

Tubulo-Glomerular feedback

Answer 16

High GFR -> High NaCl sensed by Macula Densa-> ADENOSINE released -> constriction of afferent arteriole -> GFR falls

Question 17

Most important sensor of GFR

Answer 17

MACULA DENSA

Question 18

Stimulus for RAAS

Answer 18

Hypotension, Hyponatremia

Question 19

Most important function of RAAS

Answer 19

Increased BP and Na+ in body

Question 20

Lacis cells or Polkissen Cells

Answer 20

Extra glomerular Mesangial Cells

Question 21

Cells In cortical collecting ducts and functions

Answer 21

P - cells (principal) - Na+& water reabsorption and K+ excretion
I - cells (intercalated) - Acid Base balance

Question 22

Channels In P- cells of CDuct.

Answer 22

ROMK+ Channels (renal outer membrane)

ENaC (epithelial Na+ channels)

Question 23

Parasympathetic supply to bladder

Answer 23

S2,S3,S4 - Facilitates micturition

Question 24

Somatic supply to bladder and nucleus involved, function

Answer 24

Pudendal Nerve (S2,S3,S4) -> Onuf's Nucleus
Function- contraction of external sphincter (withhold micturition); Voluntary control.

Question 25

Sympathetic supply to bladder & function

Answer 25

L1,L2,L3 Prevent retrograde ejaculation Carry painful stimuli from bladder

Question 26

Out of the international of bladder (parasympathetic, sympathetic, somatic) which has the least role in micturition?

Answer 26

Sympathetic supply

Question 27

1st urge to void urine

Answer 27

150ml intravesical volume

Question 28

Marked sense of fullness

Answer 28

@400ml of intravesical volume

Question 29

P cells & I cells are part of...

Answer 29

Principle (P - cells) and Intercalated (I- cells) are part of DCT and CD.

Question 30

Functions of P&I cells

Answer 30

P cells - hormone mediated reabsorption of salt and water, and excretion of K+ I cells - acid - base balance by H+ excretion & HCO³- reabsorption (I-a cells) durinc ACIDOSIS & HCO³- secretion & H+ reabsorption (I-b cells) during ALKALOSIS

Question 31

I-a & I-b cells are interchangeable d/t

Answer 31

HENSIN - protein

Question 32

Normal GFR

Answer 32

125ml/min

Question 33

Normal GFR

Answer 33

125ml/min

Question 34

Filtration barrier

Answer 34

1. Endothelium of capillaries. 2. Basement Membrane 3layered 2a- Lamina Densa - Type4 collagen 2b- Lamina Rara interna - heparan sulfate [-ve charge] (GAGs) 2c- Lamina Rara external- heparan sulfate 3. Epithelial layer of PODOCYTES

Question 35

Optimal size range for glomerular filtration of neutral substances.

Answer 35

(4-8mm) <4 easily filtered >8mm not filtered

Question 36

Renal clearance definition and how is it measured

Answer 36

1. Volume of plasma cleared of a substance in unit time | 2. Inulin is used to measure it, since it's cleared from plasma unabsorbed, unchanged and not secreted.