Renal

Question 1

Are kidneys retra or intra peritoneal?

Answer 1

Retroperitoneal

Question 2

What spinal lvl kidneys sit?
Which lower

Answer 2

T12-L3
Right usually lower- liver

Question 3

Answer 3

Question 4

What is outer and inner layer of kidney called?

Answer 4

Outer- Cortex
Inner- Medulla

Question 5

Describe urine flow in kidney?

Answer 5

Renal pyramid
Papilla
Minor calyx
Major calyx
Renal pelvis
Proximal ureter

Question 6

Function ureter?

Answer 6

Carry urine from kidney to bladder

Question 7

Where are 3 points ureter narrows?

Answer 7

Where pelvis of kidney becomes ureter
At the pelvic brim
Where the ureter passes through the bladder

Question 8

What muscle is ureter walls composed of? Why?

Answer 8

Smooth
Peristaltic

Question 9

What prevents urine passing bladder to ureter?

Answer 9

Ureter enter bladder oblique angle
Pressure rises- press ureter- stop urine pass up kidney

Question 10

Answer 10

Bladder

Question 11

Answer 11

Question 12

Function urethra?

Answer 12

Tube through which urine passes from bladder to exterior

Question 13

How long is male urethra?
How long is female urethra?

Answer 13

Male- 8-10 inch
Female- 2 inch

Question 14

Answer 14

Urethra

Question 15

What is functional unit of kidney?

Answer 15

Nephron

Question 16

What are two different types nephron?

Answer 16

Cortical- tubules short distance medulla- main cortex
Juxtamedullary- tubules long distance medulla- have vasa recta

Question 17

What is part of nephron in which blood plasma is filtered called?

Answer 17

Renal corpuscle

Question 18

What does renal corpuscle contain?

Answer 18

Glomerulus- afferent and efferent arteriole
Bowmans capsule- first step urine prod

Question 19

What are 4 renal tubules, what occurs?

Answer 19

Proximal conv tubule- bulk reabsorption
Loop of Henle- descending loop- H20 permeable
- ascending loop- H20 impermeable- solute reab
Distal convoluted tubule- fine regulation- Ca2+, Na+, K+, HCO3 (is Cl- dependent)
Collecting duct- urine fine tuned

Question 20

Answer 20

Question 21

What size can travel from glomerulus to nephron?

Answer 21

10kDa smaller

Question 22

What can’t tracel from glomeruls to nephron?

Answer 22

Bigger 10kDa
Large negative
Albumin- podocytes prevent

Form glomerular filtrate

Question 23

State 5 things determine filtration glomerulus?

Answer 23

1) Size of molecule
2) Pressure
3) Size of molecule
4) Charge of molecule
5) Rate of blood flow

Question 24

What proportion of CO is renal blood flow?

Answer 24

20%

Question 25

Define GFR?

Answer 25

The volume of fluid filtered by the renal glomeruli per unit of time

Question 26

How much fluid filtered/day?

Answer 26

180L 125ml/in

Question 27

How many L of plasma?

Answer 27

3L

Question 28

How many times is blood plasma filtered?

Answer 28

60 times/day

Question 29

What is decisive factor for normal regulation GFR?

Answer 29

Hydrostatic pressure- arterial bp

Question 30

State 3 ways GFR regulated?

Answer 30

1) Autonomic vasoreactive (myogenic) reflex Smooth muscle capillaries glomerulus/kidney 2) Tubuloglomerular feedback Increased hydrostatic pressure in glomerulus- increased fluid load Macula densa sense- vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole 3) RAAS- low bp sensed granular cells- release renin

Question 31

Define renal clearance?

Answer 31

Virtual plasma volume/min from which substance is completely eliminated GFR

Question 32

What is used measure GFR?Why?

Answer 32

Creatine- freely filtered not reabsorbed

Question 33

How is PCT adapted?

Answer 33

Villi- increase SA

Question 34

Where is 2/3 primary urine volume reabsorbed?

Answer 34

Proximal tubule Descending part LOH

Question 35

Function ascending part LOH?

Answer 35

Impermeable water- transport electrolyte to interstitium Produce high osmotic pressure Na K 2Cl co-transport

Question 36

Function distal tubule?

Answer 36

Active Na transport- Na-Cl cotransporter 10% filtered sodium reabsorbed Thiazides inhibit

Question 37

Function collecting duct?

Answer 37

Permeability water- concentration urine

Question 38

What is responsible for force urine concentration in collecting duct?

Answer 38

High osmotic pressure of renal medulla

Question 39

What does deficiency of ADH lead to?

Answer 39

Diabetes insipidus

Question 40

What is rate determining step of RAAS?

Answer 40

Renin

Question 41

Where is renin produced?

Answer 41

juxtaglomerular cells of the afferent arteriole in the kidney

Question 42

What controls release renin?

Answer 42

Macula densa- sense reduced Na and Cl conc in distal tubule Baroreceptors- decreased bp Neural mechanisms – the juxtaglomerular cells are innervated by abundant beta 1 adrenergic sympathetic nerve fibres, their activation leads to renin secretion

Question 43

Function angiotensin II?

Answer 43

Act adrenal cortex release aldosterone Stimulate release ADH from posterior pituitary Stimulate thirst centre

Question 44

What is aldosterone?

Answer 44

Mineralocorticoid

Question 45

Function aldosterone?

Answer 45

Increase Na+ reabsoprtion exchange K+ Regulate amount Na+ reabsorbed in DCT through ENAC

Question 46

Function ADH/vasopressin?

Answer 46

Affect bp Release Aq2 channels into principle cells in collecting ducts Increase water retention

Question 47

What can cause prerenal, renal, post renal desease

Answer 47

Prerenal- sudden reduction blood flow kidney hypotension Renal- direct damage - ecalmpsia Post renal- obstruction urinary tract - kidney stones

Question 48

What can chronic renal failure cause?

Answer 48

1) Fluid retention- swelling, high bp, pulmonary oedema 2) Hyperkalaemia- potassium not removed 3) Cardiovascular disease- blood pressure not regulated 4) Weak bones- unregulated phosphorous- pull calcium