Renal

Question 1

how much % of body is proteins, water, fats, minerals, body fluid

Question 2

body fluids can be seperated into 2 main compartments

Question 3

what are the 2 barriers between ICF, interstitila fluid, and plasma

Question 4

how much % of body weight does ECF + ICF take up

Question 5

what is electrolyte vs non electrolyte

Question 6

what is the most abundant cation + anion in ICF VS ECF

Question 7

explain the Na/K+ ATPase pump

Question 8

difference between plasma + interstitial fluid

Question 9

why is solute conc. important in bodily fluids

Question 10

define molarity vs osmolarity

Question 11

what is normal serum osmolarity

Question 12

explain osmolarity : isotonic, hypotonic + hypertonic

Question 13

explain what organ balances water + electorlyte intake + how

Question 14

4 ways body loses water

Question 15

define dehydration + homeostatic loop

Question 16

what solute mainly regulates bodily fluids + why

Question 17

explain H2O intoxication + homeostatic loop

Question 18

what is the function of the kidney

Question 19

how much % of resting cardiac output does kidney take (? many litres/min)

Question 20

describe the anatomy of the kidneys

Question 21

3 layers of the kidney

Question 22

2 parenchymal (relating to function of tissue) regions of kidney

Question 23

explain the internal process of kidney, to urinary bladder

Question 24

explain the nephron (how many in each kidney + % of functioning before creating issue)

Question 25

2 parts of the nephron

Question 26

2 types of nephrons

Question 27

label a nephron (refer to onenote summary)

Question 28

explain the filtration membrane of the renal capsule (what is a filtration membtrane, and what does it allow to filtrate)

Question 29

what are the 3 nephron tubule sections

Question 30

cell types (proximal + distal convoluted tubules, nephron loop etc.)

Question 31

explain the juxtaglomerular apparatus (macusa densa)

Question 32

3 processes involved in urine production

Question 33

in the process of urine production, what happens to H20, electrolytes, amino acids + glucose, and organic acids + bases

Question 34

how many mls of glomular filtrate + what is filtration factor + what is % fo glomular fitlration rate

Question 35

explain sterling forces

Question 36

what is the value of net filtration pressure

Question 37

what is net filtration pressure + 4 of its pressures

Question 38

3 reaons the vol. of fluid in renal corpsucle is larger then other capillaries

Question 39

what happens when glomular filtration rate is too high or too low

Question 40

3 main mechanisms that decrease glomular fitration rate

Question 41

define mycogenic mechanism

Question 42

define tubuloglomular feedback

Question 43

explain neural regulation of GFR (at rest SNS activity, moderate, and high)

Question 44

2 advantages of decreased renal blood flow

Question 45

2 hormones that tegulate GFR

Question 46

2 reabsorptioon methods (paracellular and transcellular)

Question 47

function of tight junctions

Question 48

types of transport (passive, active) + symporters/antiporters

Question 49

define faculatiative water (regulated by? and where occur?) reabsoprtion

Question 50

what rate doe sfluid enter neuron loop + does osmosis occur here

Question 51

what is the impact of K+ on paracellualr reabsorption of cations

Question 52

at what rate does fluid enter the distal convuluted tubules

Question 53

5 hormones that regulate reabsorption and secretion

Question 54

explain aldosterone

Question 55

explain angiotension II

Question 56

explain ADH + alcohol

Question 57

explain ADH feedback loop starting with plasma osmolarity, and ending with water reabsorption

Question 58

explain ANP

Question 59

explain parathyorid hormone

Question 60

expain diuresis (polyuria)

Question 61

what does the failure of ADH signal

Question 62

what is diabetes mellitus

Question 63

3 major solutes that generate osmotic gradient

Question 63

3 major factors that contribute to osmotic gradient in medulla

Question 64

counter current fow is improtant for what 2 physiological mechanisms in the kidney

Question 65

define counter current multiplication

Question 66

define counter current exchange

Question 67

define urea cycling

Question 68

explain renal plasma clearance

Question 69

what is the formula for renal plasma clearance

Question 70

3 things that aids the flow of urine

Question 71

what 2 sphincters prevent leakage in the bladder

Question 72

how can i stop/start the micturition reflex (potine micturition centre + potine storage centre)