Renal

Question 1

what is the journey of urine in the body?

Answer 1

urine formed by kidneys → ureters take urine from kidney urinary bladder → urinary bladder (stores urine) → urethra (removes urine from body)

Question 2

Describe the path of urine drainage?

Answer 2

collecting duct (CD) → papillary duct in renal pyramid → minor calyx → major calyx → renal pelvis → ureter → bladder

Question 3

what are 3 stages of urine formation?

Answer 3

glomerular filtration
tubular reabsorption -
tubular secretion

Question 4

what is the most common cause of primary glomerulonephritis?

Answer 4

Begrers disease (IgA nephropathy)

Question 5

what is the hilum?

Answer 5

ureter leaves kidney here

renal artery + vein enter and exit kidney via hilum

Question 6

what does the renal corpuscle consist of?

Answer 6

glomerulus - blood capillaries which produce ultrafiltrate

ultrafiltrate contains no blood cells or large proteins

Bowman’s capsule -

Question 7

Describe the histology of the glomerulus

Answer 7

glomerular/bowmans capsule - outer parietal layer (flat simple squamous epithelium)

inner visceral - epithelial cells - podocutes with foot like projections

Question 8

What are the 3 components of the glomerulus and their functions?

Answer 8

endothelial cells:
fenestrae (pores) - prevent RBC filtration but allow protein & water

made of negatively charged glycosaminoglycans -prevents diffusion of negatively charged molecules by repelling them due to like charges

glomerular basement membrane:
surrounds endothelium, made of type IV collagen. has 3 layers: lamina interna, lamina densa, lamina rara)
prevents proteins from being filtered out of the bloodstream

epithelium of BC:
epithelial cells called podocytes (large oval nuclei)
they wrap around each of the capillaries
these form narrow slits to filter blood
which eventually makes ultrafiltrate

Question 9

what are the functions of each part of the nephron?

Answer 9

PCT - most of the water, potassium, chloride and sodium that was filtered are reabsorbed, as well as all the glucose and amino acids

loop of Henle -
has a hairpin configuration with a thin descending limb and both a thin and thick ascending limb.
thin descending limb = water reabsorption

thick and thin ascending limb = sodium reabsorption (active & passive)

DCT & CD - absorption of many ions and water

Question 10

what is egfr defined as?

Answer 10

egfr - rate at which kidney filters the blood