Renal

Question 1

Inflammation of renal parenchyma and collecting system
hint: upper tract


Answer 1

Pyelonephritis

Question 2

Inflammation of bladder
Hint: upper tract

Answer 2

Cystitis

Question 3

Inflammation of urethra
Hint: lower tract

Answer 3

Urethritis

Question 4

UTI that is spread systemically

Answer 4

Urosepsis

Question 5

UTI risk factors

Answer 5

Congenital defects, fistula, obesity, short female urethra, age, diabetes, hiv, obstruction, renal impairment, urinary retention, catheter, constipation, void delay/dysfuntion, sex, poor hygiene, bubble bath

Question 6

Dysuria, hematuria, hesitancy, intermittent, dribble, nocturia, increased frequency

Answer 6

Lower UTI

Question 7

Fever, chills, flank pain, dysuria, nocturia, hematuria, hesitancy, urgency, increased frequency

Answer 7

Upper UTI

Question 8

UTI dipstick urinalysis

Answer 8

Nitrites, WBCs, and leukocyte esterase present

Question 9

How to confirm UTI

Answer 9

Microscopic urinalysis

Question 10

Other UTI test

Answer 10

Urine culture, ct or ultrasound

Question 11

UTI meds

Answer 11

Abx, fluconazole (fungal), monurol, macrodatin/macrobid, bactrim, cephalexin

Question 12

UTI goals

Answer 12

Relief of symptoms, no upper tract involvement, no recurrence

Question 13

UTI management

Answer 13

Adequate fluid intake, empty bowel and bladder regularly/efficently

Question 14

CAUTI Precautions

Answer 14

Avoid unnecessary catheters, promote early removal, aseptic technique

Question 15

Calcium stones in urinary tract

Answer 15

Renal calculi

Question 16

Formation of kidney stones

Answer 16

Nephrolithiasis

Question 17

Formation of stones in urinary tract

Answer 17

Urolithiasis

Question 18

Warm climate, tea, salt, protein (uric acid, decreased fluid, increased calcium, obesity, sedentary

Answer 18

Renal calculi risks

Question 19

Autosomal recessive disorder that increases urinary cystine excretion

Answer 19

Cystinuria

Question 20

Types of stones

Answer 20

Calcium, cystine, struvite, uric acid

Question 21

Sudden severe sharp pain in flank, back or lower abdomen

Answer 21

Renal colic

Question 22

Renal colic, mild shock, cool moist skin, dysuria, fever, chills

Answer 22

Renal calculi symptoms

Question 23

Urine pH increased w/ calculi

Answer 23

Struvite

Question 24

Urine pH decreased w/ calculi

Answer 24

Uric acid or cystine

Question 25

Non contrast ct or ultrasound, urine pH (increased or decreased), urinalysis (hematuria/crystalluria +)

Answer 25

Urinary Tract Calculi tests

Question 26

Opioids, NSAIDs, ą-adrenergic blocker (flomax), chronic ABx

Answer 26

Renal calculi meds

Question 27

Lithotripsy or nephrolithotomy

Answer 27

Renal calculi surgical tx

Question 28

Increase hydration, restrict sodium, limit cola/coffee/tea, decrease calcium, oxalate and purine

Answer 28

Renal calculi management

Question 29

Dairy, cocoa, lentils, fish

Answer 29

Calcium diet

Question 30

Dark greens (spinach), red veggies, citrus, caffeine

Answer 30

Oxalate diet

Question 31

Small bone fish, scallops, organ meat, pork, beef, mutton

Answer 31

Purine diet

Question 32

Reversible rapid loss of kidney function w/ or w/o decreased urine output

Answer 32

Acute kidney injury

Question 33

Decreased systemic circulation > decrease blood flow > decreased glomerular filtration and perfusion

Answer 33

Pre Renal AKI

Question 34

Problems that cause direct kidney tissue damage > impaired nephron function

Answer 34

Intra Renal AKI

Question 35

Mechanical obstruction to outflow of urine

Answer 35

Post Renal AKI

Question 36

Decrease cardiac output, decrease vascular resistance, decrease renal vascular blood flow, hypovolemia

Answer 36

Pre renal risk factors

Question 37

Acute tubular necrosis, interstitial nephritis (med allergy or infection), nephrotox injury

Answer 37

Intra renal risk factors

Question 38

BPH/prostate/bladder cancer, calculi, neuromuscular disorder, spinal cord disease, stricture, trauma

Answer 38

Post renal risk factors

Question 39

Urine output < 400 mL/day

Answer 39

Oliguria

Question 40

Oliguria, hyPOvolemia, metabolic acidosis, hyPOnatremia, hyPERkalemia, leukocytosis, increased BUN and creatinine, seizures>stupor>coma, anuria

Answer 40

AKI symptoms

Question 41

Acute reduction in urine output AND/OR increased creatinine, CT scan, renal scan, urinalysis (casts, WBCs, RBCs +), electrolytes (low Na+ and high K+)

Answer 41

AKI testing

Question 42

Dialysis, calcium supplements, diuretics, RRT, IV Insulin, Sodium Bicarbonate

Answer 42

AKI treatment

Question 43

Adequate protein, restrict phosphate and sodium, lower potassium, fluid restriction

Answer 43

AKI management

Question 44

Progressive irreversible loss of kidney function

Answer 44

Chronic Kidney Disease

Question 45

DIABETES, HTN, age, diabetic neuropathy, CVD, fam Hx, nephrotox meds, glomerulonephritis, cystic and urologic diseases, black/native American

Answer 45

CKD risk factors

Question 46

Decreased kidney function that may develop symptoms in multiple systems

Answer 46

Uremia

Question 47

Uremia, increase BUN and creatinine, hyPERkalemia, hypERglycemia, hyERinsulemia, increase triglycerides, dilutional hyPOnatremia, uremic fetor, hyPERmag, metabolic acidosis, anemia, increased CO2, peripheral neuropathy

Answer 47

CKD symptoms

Question 48

Piss breath

Answer 48

Uremic fetor

Question 49

GFR <60mL/min for 3 months AND/OR kidney damage > 3 months, hemoglobin and hematocrit, increased BUN and Creatinine, biopsy, scans

Answer 49

CKD testing

Question 50

Preserve existing kidney function, reduced CVD risk, prevent complications, promote comfort

Answer 50

CKD goals

Question 51

IV insulin/glucose (hyPERkalemia), ACE inhibitors (HTN), Vitamin D, RRT, erythropoietin (anemia), diuretics

Answer 51

CKD meds

Question 52

Peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis, kidney transplant

Answer 52

CKD procedures

Question 53

Weight loss, limit alcohol, stop smoking, DASH diet, restrict protein, oral health, sodium/phosphate/potassium restriction, avoid NSAIDS and magnesium based laxatives and antacids

Answer 53

CKD Management

Question 54

Exit site infection, peritonitis, hernias, lower back pain, bleeding, atelectasis, pneumonia, bronchitis

Answer 54

Peritoneal dialysis complications

Question 55

Abdominal pain and rebound tenderness

Answer 55

Peritonitis

Question 56

Exit site infection and peritonitis treatment

Answer 56

Abx

Question 57

HyPOtension, muscle cramps, blood loss, hepatitis B

Answer 57

Hemodialysis complications