Renal

Question 1

What type of tissue is found in the bladder?

Answer 1

Transitional epithelial tissue

Question 2

What muscle is found in the bladder?

Answer 2

Detrusor muscle

Question 3

Is the urethra longer in males or females?

Answer 3

Males

Question 4

What is micturition?

Answer 4

The action of urinating

Question 5

What do stretch receptors in the bladder wall do?

Answer 5

They triger the detrusor muscle to contract AND relaxtion of the internal urethral sphincter

Question 6

What type of muscle is the detrusor made out of?

Answer 6

Smooth muscle

Question 7

What type of muscle is the internal urethral sphincter made out of?

Answer 7

smooth muscle

Question 8

What type of muscle is the external urethral sphincter made out of?

Answer 8

Skeletal (voluntary control)

Question 9

What type of movement occurs in the ureter?

Answer 9

Peristalsis

Question 10

What is the inner mucosa of the ureter made up of?

Answer 10

transitional epithelial tissue and scattered goblet cells

Question 11

What is the function of goblet cells?

Answer 11

They secrete mucin and create a protective layer of mucus

Question 12

What is the loose adventitial layer of the ureters function?

Answer 12

Collagen and fat anchors to peritoneum and abdominal wall

Question 13

What is bilirubin?

Answer 13

Substance produced by the breakdown of red blood cells. Passes through the liver and is then excreted out of the body. High levels indicate liver or bile duct problems.

Question 14

Define oliguria?

Answer 14

300-500ml of urine excereted per day (normal = 1-2L/day). Dehydration or renal disease.

Question 15

What is normal amount of urine expected to be excreted /day?

Answer 15

1-2L/day

Question 16

Define polyuria?

Answer 16

Excessive urine production (>2.5L/day).
Diabetes MELLITUS (too high glucose - insufficient insulin)
OR
Diabetes INSIPIDUS (too much urine, can’t retain water. Issue with ADH or vasopressin (not enough or not used properly)).

Question 17

Define anuria?

Answer 17

Extremely low/absence urine production (<50ml/day). Kindey failure or obstruction (kindey stone, tumour).

Question 18

What nerves are in the bladder region?

Answer 18

Voluntary control of external urethral sphincter is thanks to pudendal nerves, they arise in sacral region of spinal cord, travelling via sacral plexus.

Question 19

What is the renal hilum?

Answer 19

Point of entry for blood vessels. Entry and exit site for structures servicing the kidneys (vessels, nerves, lymphatics and ureters).

Question 20

What does retroperitoneal mean?

Answer 20

Sits behind GI system

Question 21

Where does the initial blood flow come from to go to the kidneys?

Answer 21

Abdominal aorta

Question 22

What directly gives the blood from the descending abdominal aorta to the kidneys?

Answer 22

The renal artery enters through the hilum (A for away from heart)

Question 23

Renal artery has multiple branches into kidneys, named?

Answer 23

Segmental branches

Question 24

What happens after segmental branching of the renal artery

Answer 24

Further branching and then the segmental branches move between renal pyramids then known as: INTERLOBAR BRANCHES (go between lobes = renal pyramids).

Question 25

Once interlobar branches are at top of renal pyramids what happens?

Answer 25

They turn at a right angle and run horizontally along the renal pyramids and are now known as: ARCUATE ARTERIES (think acute = angle).

Question 26

What are the branches given off of the arcuate arteries called?

Answer 26

INTERLOBULAR ARTERIES

Question 27

What are the branches off of the interlobular arteries called?

Answer 27

Afferent arterioles

Question 28

What do the AFFERENT arterioles do?

Answer 28

Start to move blood into the glomerulus.

Question 29

What type of muscle are arterioles made out of?

Answer 29

Smooth muscle so that they can change the shape of their diameter.

Question 30

What is the efferent arteriole?

Answer 30

The efferent arteriole splits from the bundle of afferent arteriole in the glomerulus and wraps around the entirety of the nephron.

Question 31

What is the function of the nephron?

Answer 31

It is the filtration system of the kidneys

Question 32

What are the peritubular capillaries of the nephron?

Answer 32

Efferent arteriole leads into peritubular capillaries

Question 33

Explain the renal Venus system?

Answer 33

The renal vein system is the same as the renal artery system bar the segmental arteries (they skip this section and go straight into the renal vein). The renal vein goes into the inferior vena cava - up to the right atrium.

Question 34

What is the renal corpuscle?

Answer 34

The blood filtering component of the nephron (consists of glomerulus and bowmans capsule).

Question 35

What is the inside of the kindey called?

Answer 35

Medulla

Question 36

What is the outside portion of the kidney called?

Answer 36

Cortex

Question 37

What type of cells is the outermost layer of the bowmans capsule made out of? (AKA Parietal layer)?

Answer 37

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 38

What are the unique shaped cells called in the visceral layer?

Answer 38

Podocytes

Question 39

What is the function of podocytes?

Answer 39

They are kind of like sieves

Question 40

What is the structure of the podocytes like?

Answer 40

They have hair like projections called pedicels that interdigitate to form a sieve like structure.

Question 41

What is the juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 41

Specialised structure that helps to regulate blod pressure and glomerular filtration rate.

Question 42

Where is the juxtaglomerular apparatus located?

Answer 42

Where the distal convoluted tubule comes into contact with the afferent arteriole of the nephron.

Question 43

What are the components of the JGA?

Answer 43

Macula densa, juxtaglomerular cells and extraglomerular mesangial cells.

Question 44

What do the macula densa do?

Answer 44

They monitor levels of Na+ in the blood filtrate and signal for renin release (increase BP) also release ATP and adenosine.

Question 45

What do the juxtaglomerular cells do?

Answer 45

Alter size of blood vessels!! (if conc too high, they contract making smaller and lowering glomerular filtration rate) & vise versa. AND Macula densa cells regulate the release of renin from juxtaglomerular cells. In the end increasing blood pressure.

Question 46

Where are juxtaglomerular cells located?

Answer 46

In afferent arterioles.

Question 47

What part of nephron has the most mitochondria?

Answer 47

PCT as the cells in the brush border (helps to absorb and secrete enzymes) use energy so have the most mitochondria.

Question 48

What type fo cells are found in the PCT?

Answer 48

Simple cuiboidal cells with microvilli brush border.

Question 49

What is the structure of the thick part of loop of henle?

Answer 49

Simple cuiboidal epithelium

Question 50

What is the structrue of the thin loop of henle?

Answer 50

Simple squamous epithelium

Question 51

What type of cells is the DCT made up?

Answer 51

Simple cuboidal cells with a microvilli brush border

Question 52

What is the main function of the nephron? GENERAL

Answer 52

Balance plasma to homeostatic points and excrete potential toxins.

Question 53

What are the 3 principle fucntions of the nephron?

Answer 53

Filtration, re-absorption and secretion.

Question 54

What are the 3 secondary fucntions of the nephron?

Answer 54

1. Blood pressure (via renin production). 2. RBC production (via EPO). 3. Calcium absorption (via calcidiol to calcitriol conversino).

Question 55

How do the kidneys contribute to RBC production?

Answer 55

The kidneys produce a hormone called erythropoietin, it is produced in response to low oxygen levels (hypoxia) in the blood. EPO stimulates the bone marrow to produce more RBCs.

Question 56

What is the active form or vitamin D?

Answer 56

Calcitriol (think triol THREE ACTIVE, the larger the more active).

Question 57

What is the inactive form of vitamin D?

Answer 57

Calcidiol (diol think di = lower means inactive).