Renal

Question 1

What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury in hospitalized patients?

Answer 1

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

Question 2

True or False: Nephrotic syndrome is characterized by proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, and edema.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Fill in the blank: The primary immunological mechanism in minimal change disease is _____.

Answer 3

T-cell dysfunction

Question 4

What is the hallmark histological finding in diabetic nephropathy?

Answer 4

Kimmelstiel-Wilson nodules

Question 5

Which condition is associated with a ‘wire loop’ appearance on renal biopsy?

Answer 5

Lupus nephritis

Question 6

What is the typical urinary finding in glomerulonephritis?

Answer 6

Hematuria and red blood cell casts

Question 7

True or False: Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) often presents with nephrotic syndrome.

Answer 7

True

Question 8

What is the primary treatment for acute interstitial nephritis?

Answer 8

Corticosteroids

Question 9

Fill in the blank: The most common cause of nephrosclerosis is _____.

Answer 9

Hypertension

Question 10

Which type of renal failure is characterized by intrinsic damage to renal parenchyma?

Answer 10

Intrinsic renal failure

Question 11

What is the most common type of kidney stone?

Answer 11

Calcium oxalate stones

Question 12

True or False: Renal cell carcinoma is the most common type of kidney cancer.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

What is the classic triad of symptoms for renal cell carcinoma?

Answer 13

Hematuria, flank pain, and palpable mass

Question 14

Fill in the blank: The primary method of diagnosing renal artery stenosis is _____.

Answer 14

Doppler ultrasound

Question 15

What syndrome is characterized by a triad of hematuria, flank pain, and hypertension?

Answer 15

Renal artery stenosis

Question 16

True or False: Alport syndrome is caused by mutations in collagen type IV.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What is the main pathological feature of polycystic kidney disease?

Answer 17

Multiple renal cysts

Question 18

Which type of renal tubular acidosis is associated with hypokalemia?

Answer 18

Type 1 (distal) renal tubular acidosis

Question 19

What is the most common cause of end-stage renal disease worldwide?

Answer 19

Diabetes mellitus

Question 20

Fill in the blank: The presence of ‘waxy casts’ in urine is indicative of _____.

Answer 20

Chronic kidney disease

Question 21

What is the primary cause of post-renal acute kidney injury?

Answer 21

Urinary obstruction

Question 22

True or False: The presence of casts in urine is specific to glomerular disease.

Answer 22

False

Question 23

What is the characteristic finding in renal biopsy for IgA nephropathy?

Answer 23

IgA deposition in mesangial areas

Question 24

Which condition is characterized by the presence of anti-GBM antibodies?

Answer 24

Goodpasture syndrome

Question 25

Fill in the blank: The most common complication of nephrotic syndrome is _____.

Answer 25

Infection

Question 26

What is the first-line treatment for hypertension in patients with chronic kidney disease?

Answer 26

ACE inhibitors

Question 27

True or False: Uremic frost is a sign of advanced chronic kidney disease.

Answer 27

True