Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Med surge 2 Final > Renal > Flashcards

Renal Flashcards

(82 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Function of the Kidney: “FREE”

A

Filtration

Reabsorption

Erythropoietin

Elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Filtration
What does the kidney filter out:

A

Waste products
Water: ADH, Urine

Medications

Electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What and How does the kidney Reabsorb

A

Reabsorbs water through ADH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Function of Erythropoietin In the kidney

A

Stimulates bone marrow to produce RBCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the kindey eliminate through urine

A

Medications

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What does kidney failure lead to

A

Anemia
Dirty blood: filled with water, waste and electrolytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What does creatinine measure?

A

Muscle breakdown from everyday wear and tear.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Therapeutic lab values for creatinine

A

Greater then 1.3= bad kindey
Greater Than 1 for class

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Gloumeur Filtration Rate (GFR):

A

Measures how well the kidney is filtering out toxins in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Gloumeur Filtration Rate (GFR) Levels

A

90-120ml/min

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Urine Output
What is low and what is normal ?

A

Low:
Under 30ml/hr
400ml/day
Normal:
1500ml/day

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Hydrogen Ions; What are they and how would they affect a renal failure patient?

A

The kidneys normally excrete very acidic hydrogen ions, but in kidney failure, these build up and cause metabolic acidosis.
PH Levels lower then 7.35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is BUN and what level should it be at?

A

The waste product of protein after nutrients are absorbed
7-20 max

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the function of the glomerulus?

A

Strainer/ washing machine of the kidneys
- Filters out toxins while keeping big stuff like blood cells/ protein in the blood and out the urine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is another name for Acute glomerulonephritis ( AGN)

A

Nephritic Syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What causes Nephritic syndrome

A

Strep Throat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does the immune system respond to a strep infection in glomerulonephritis?

A

It creates antibody antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens when strep is left untreated

A

the antibody antigens get stuck in the glomeruli which causes inflamation and scarring and leads to decrease GFR, swelling and edema

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the top two risk factors for any renal disease?

A

Hypertension and Diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are the main diagnostic tests used to identify Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)? (Don’t explain just say)

A
  1. Past medical history:
  2. Physical Exam
  3. CBC:
  4. Urinary Analysis:
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is past medical history important in diagnosing AGN?

A

To check for recent strep infections or recurrent UTIs, which are common triggers.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What will a CBC show in AGN?

A

Leukocytosis and increased BUN/Creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What does urinalysis (UA) show in AGN?

A

Casts, white blood cells (WBCs), and red blood cells (RBCs) because the glomerulus is no longer keeping them inside the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)?

A
  1. Edema
  2. Decreased urine output (<30 mL/hr)
  3. Tea-colored urine
  4. Mild proteinuria
  5. Hematuria
  6. RBCs/WBCs/casts in urine
  7. Hypertension
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What causes the swelling (edema) in AGN?
Fluid overload from poor kidney filtering.
26
What does tea-colored urine mean in AGN?
Blood and waste in the urine.
27
What is the urine output like in AGN?
Decreased — less than 30 mL/hour.
28
Why does the patient have high blood pressure in AGN?
Fluid and sodium build up.
29
What are the complications of Acute Glomerulonephritis (AGN)?
A: Hypertension Heart failure Edema (periorbital/lower extremities Ascites Oliguria (Less then 400 mL/day) Hematuria Abdominal/flank pain
30
Why does pharmacy need to carefully dose medications in renal failure patients?
Because renal failure patients are no longer able to filter out medications properly and which is an increased risk for toxicity
31
Treatment for AGN (Medications)
1. Antihypertensives 2. Steroids 3. Antibiotics 4. Analgesics 5. Diuretics
32
What antibiotics should you avoid in all renal failure patients
- Mycin antibitoics aminoglycosides
33
What is atzomeia and how do you treat it?
Build up of creatinine and BUN in blood You would put patient on a protein restriction
34
Non Pharmacological treatment for AGN
1. Plasmapheresis - For autoimmune triggered inflammation 2. Protein/fluid and sodium restriction
35
What causes Chronic Glomerulonephritis
-Reoccurring episodes of AGN, UTI, Kidney infections
36
Is Chronic Glomerulonephritis reversible or irreversible?
irreversible
37
Hallmark for Nephrotic Syndrome
Massive proteinuria 4x the normal amount
38
Nephrotic Syndrome S/S
1. Ascites/ Edema 2. Foamy colored urine 3. Hyperlipidemia/ Hypoalbumin 3. Oliguria
39
Why are lipid levels high in Nephrotic Syndrome:
Because the liver can't keep up with the amount of protein being lost
40
Nephrotic Syndrome Treatment "DDASSI"
1. Diuretics 2. Diet: High protein 3. Antihypertensives: Ace inhibitors to decrease proteinuria 4. Steroids 5. Statins: to decrease lipid levels 6. Immunosuppressants
41
What is something you should report in Nephrotic Syndrome and why?
Headache/ AMS - Because it is a sign of hypertensive crisis
42
What is Acute Kidney Injury (AKI)
Reversible loss of function the kidneys
43
What is the main thing that causes AKI
Sepsis
44
Other causes of AKI
Nephrotoxins Age Contrast dye Diabtes/HPTN (untreated)
45
Hallmark sign of renal failure
Oliguria Increased Creatinine
46
Phase of AKI (Don't explain just list the say)
Pre Renal Intra Renal Post Renal
47
Pre Renal Phase AKI
Decreased blood flow to the renal system - Hypotension -Low Cardiac output - Obstructions/Embolism -Sepsis
48
Intra Renal Phase AKI
Direct damage to kidneys 1) Untreated Diabetes/HPTN Infections 2) Nephrotoxins - Mycin antibiotics - Contrast Dye - NSAIDS/ Ibuprofen
49
Post Renal Phase in AKI
Mechanical obstruction to the lower urinary tract - BPH - Kidney/urinary stones - Strictures - Tumors
50
What happens to GFR in AKI and what does it cause?
GFR decreases, leading to fluid overload and poor electrolyte clearance.
51
What potassium level change is seen in AKI?
Potassium increases due to reduced kidney excretion.
52
What urine output is seen in AKI?
Oliguria:less than 400 mL/day
53
What happens to BUN and creatinine in AKI?
Both BUN and creatinine increase because they aren't being filtered out.
54
What sodium level changes can occur in AKI?
Sodium may be normal or elevated, depending on fluid balance.
55
What happens to phosphorus and calcium levels in AKI?
Phosphorus increases, calcium decreases
56
S/S OF AKI
1. Anemia/Metabolic Acidosis/ 2. High Potassium 3.Fluidoverload - JVD - Edema 4. HPTN/Bounding pulse 5. Pulmonary/Pericardial Effusion 6. AMS: Confusion/Lethargy/Stupor 7. If left untreated: Heart Failure and Pulmonary Edema
57
Treatment for AKI
1. Eliminate the cause/ 2. Prevent compilations - Hyperkalemia 3. Dieutrics: Furosemide
58
Chronic Kidney Disease :
Irreversible damage kidney and loss of kidney function
59
How do you treat hyperkalemia with AKI
kayexalate
60
What are the signs of hypernatremia and fluid volume overload in chronic kidney disease?
Hypertension Heart failure Pulmonary edema
61
What are the dangers of high potassium (hyperkalemia) in chronic kidney disease
Lethal arrhythmias
62
Why does chronic anemia occur in chronic kidney disease?
The kidneys can’t produce enough erythropoietin, which is needed to make RBCs.
63
What acid-base imbalance is common in chronic kidney disease?
Metabolic acidosis - Nausea and vomiting - Anorexia - Neurological symptoms
64
What happens to phosphorus and calcium levels in chronic kidney disease?
Phosphorus increases Calcium decreases
65
What bone-related complications can occur in chronic kidney disease
1. Bone breakdown 2. Osteodystrophy (weak/damaged bones)
66
What hormone-related issues may occur in chronic kidney disease?
Infertility Amenorrhea Hyperparathyroidism Thyroid disorders
67
Diagnostic Testing: For CKD
1. Renal Biopsy/Ultrasound 2.CT
68
What labs will you find in CKD
Low creatinine clearance ( pee) High serum clearance (blood)
69
Uraemia in CKD
Kidney is no longer able to filter out blood so it causes toxins to build up on the blood
70
What medications are used in CKD to manage high potassium levels?
Kayexalate Insulin + D50
71
What medications are used in CKD for mineral and blood-related issues?
Calcium supplements (for hyperparathyroidism) Phosphorus binders (reduce high phosphorus) Ferrous sulfate / Folic acid (help with RBC production) Synthetic erythropoietin (Epo) (to maintain H+H levels)
72
What supportive medications may be given to CKD patients?
Stool softeners Antihypertensives
73
Can CKD Patients miss a dialysis appointment? why or why not?
No because toxin will build up in blood and patient will get extremely hyperkalemic and die
74
What is Dialysis:
Solution (dialysate) gets ran through a machine and into patients blood (hemodialysis) or abdomen (peritoneal dialysis) to remove waste build up and pull off excess fluid only if blood pressure is within normal limits
75
What medications can and cannot be given before dialysis, and why?
Can Give 1. Calcium 2. Insulin Can't Do NOT give: Blood pressure medications or any meds that lower BP (Because dialysis can lower BP further and cause hypotension.)
76
Can septic patient have dialysis?
No but they can CCRTT a gentle bedside dialysis used in unstable or septic patients. It removes waste and fluid slowly to prevent sudden drops in blood pressure.
77
What is a fistula Why do they get it and what should you feel
In renal failure, the veins become weak, so surgeons connect (anastomose) a vein and an artery to create an access site for dialysis. When you auscultate, you should hear a bruit, indicating blood flow. When you palpate, you should feel a thrill, confirming the access is functioning.
78
Who is Peritoneal Dialysis for ?
Patients who don't respond well to hemodiyalsis patients who don't want to do diyalsis 3/4 times a weeks
79
True or false Peritoneal Dialysis is a sterile procedure done at home
True
80
What does cloudy drainage mean in Peritoneal Dialysis
Peritonitis
81
Who shouldn't have Peritoneal Dialysis
Patients with cardiac or respiratory issues because fluid or pressure can push on the diaphragm
82
Dwell Time
The amount of time the dialysate remains in the abdomen (usually 30 minutes to several hours).

Med surge 2 Final (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions