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Renal Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of casts will you see in tubulointerstitial inflammation, acute pyelonephritis, transplant rejection?

A

WBC casts

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2
Q

Type of casts in nephrotic syndrome

A

Fatty (“oval fat bodies”) casts

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3
Q

Granular “muddy brown” casts

A

Acute tubular necrosis

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4
Q

Most common cause of nephrotoxic acute tubular necrosis

A

Aminoglycosides

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5
Q

Common drug causes of acute interstitial nephritis

A

NSAIDs, penicillin, diuretics

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6
Q

See what immune cell type in acute interstitial nephritis

A

Eosinophils

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7
Q

Nephritic syndrome disorders

A

Acute postreptococcal glomerulonephritis, rapidly progressive glomerulonephritis, Berger’s IgA glomerulonephropathy, Alport Syndrome

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8
Q

Nephrotic syndrome disorders

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis, Membranous nephropathy, minimal change disease, amyloidosis, diabetic glomerulonephropathy

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9
Q

Can be both nephritic and nephrotic

A

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis

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10
Q

Signs/symptoms of nephrotic syndromes

A

Proteinuria (>3.5 g/day), edema, hyperlipidemia, fatty casts

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11
Q

Segmental sclerosis and hyalinosis on LM, effacement of foot processes on EM, most common cause of nephrotic syndrome in adults

A

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis

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12
Q

LM shows diffuse capillary and GBM thickening, EM shows “spike and dome” subepithelial deposits, granular immunoflourescence

A

Membranous nephropathy

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13
Q

Typical nephrotic presentation of SLE

A

Membranous nephropathy

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14
Q

LM shows normal glomeruli, EM shows foot process efacement, preceded by a recent infection in kids

A

Minimal change disease

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15
Q

Selective loss of what in minimal change disease

A

Albumin (globulins are not lost)

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16
Q

Treatment for minimal change disease

A

Steroids

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17
Q

Nephrotic syndrome with apple-green birefringence on congo red stain

A

Amyloidosis

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18
Q

Subendothelial IC deposits with granular IF, tram track appearance due to splitting of GMB by mesangial ingrowth

A

Type 1 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)

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19
Q

Type II MPGN characteristics

A

Intramembranous IC deposits; dense deposits

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20
Q

Type I MPGN associated with what diseases

A

HBV and HCV

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21
Q

Type II MPGN associated with what

A

C3 nephritic factor

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22
Q

How does diabetic glomerulonephropathy cause increased GFR

A

Nonenzymatic glycosylation of efferent arterioles leads to decreased outflow and thus increased hydrostatic pressure

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23
Q

How does diabetic glomerulonephropathy cause GBM thickening

A

Nonenzymatic glycosylation

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24
Q

Key microscopic feature of diabetic glomerulonephropathy

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A

Kimmelstiel-Wilson lesions (thick, eosinophilic proteinacious node in glomerulus)

25
Signs/symptoms of nephritic syndrome
Hematuria, RBC casts, oliguria, azotemia, HTN (due to salt retention), mild proteinuria (<3.5)
26
Lumpy bumpy appearance, large hypercellular neutrophils, IgM, IgG, C3 deposits along GBM and mesangium, periorbital edema, cola-colored urine, seen in kids following sore throat
Acute postreptococcal glomerulonephritis
27
Crescents of fibrin and plasma proteins on LM and IF, nephritic syndrome
Rapidly progressing (crescentic) glomerulonephritis (RPGN)
28
Diseases that can cause RPGN
Goodpasture, granulomatosis with polyangitis (Wegener's), microscopic polyangitis, Churg-Strauss
29
Hematuria, hemoptysis, RPGN
Goodpasture
30
c-ANCA positive RPGN
Wegener (granulomatosis with polyangitis)
31
p-ANCA positive RPGN
microsopic polyangitis, Churg-Strauss
32
Wire-looping of capillaries on LM, IgG and C3 deposition, granular IF, nephritic syndrome
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis (DPGN)
33
Most common cause of death in SLE
DPGN
34
Related to Henoch-Schonlein purpura, IgA-based IC deposits in mesangium, often presents with URTI or acute gastroenteritis
Berger's Disease (IgA nephropahty)
35
Glomerulonephritis, deafness, eye problems
Alport Syndrome
36
Cause of Alport Syndrome
Mutation in type IV collagen; x-linked recessive
37
Kidney stones that precipitate at low pH
Calcium oxalate, uric acid and cystine stones
38
Kidney stones that precipitate at high pH
Calcium phosphate, ammonium magnesium phosphate (triple stone, struvite stone)
39
Toxic causes of calcium oxalate crystals
Ethylene glycol, vitamin C abuse
40
Treatment for calcium stones
Hydrochlorothiazide (decreases calcium in tubules) and citrate
41
Hexagonal crystals in urine
Cystine stones
42
Gene deletion common in renal cell carcinoma
Chromosome 3; inherited may be with VHL syndrome
43
WAGR
Wilm's tumor, aniridia, genitourinary malformations, mental/motor retardation
44
Deletion in Wilm's tumor
WT2 on chromosome 11
45
Painless hematuria
Transitional cell cancer (most commonly bladder)
46
Associated problems with transitional cell carcinoma
Pee SAC; phenacetin, smoking, aniline dyes, cyclophosphamide
47
Eosinophilic pyuria, azotemia
Drug-induced interstitial nephritis (tubulointerstitial nephritis)
48
Causes of tubulointerstitial nephritis
Diuretics, penicillin derivatives, sulfonamides, rifampin)
49
Key finding in acute tubular necrosis
Granular "muddy brown" casts
50
Acute tubular necrosis associated with what disorders
Renal ischemia, crush injury, myoglobinuria, drugs, toxins
51
Risk of what in the oliguric stage of acute tubular necrosis
Hyperkalemia
52
Risk of what in the recovery (polyuric) stage of acute tubular necrosis
Hypokalemia
53
Renal papillary necrosis associated with what
Phenacetin, diabetes mellitus, acute pyelonephritis, sickle cell trait and anemia
54
Lab values in prerenal azotemia
Urine osmolality >500 mOsm/kg, urine Na 20
55
Lab values in intrinsic renal and postrenal azotemia
Urine osmolarity 40 mEq/L, FENA >2%, BUN/Cr ratio <15
56
Signs of uremia
Nausea, anorexia, pericarditis, encephalopathy with asterixis, platelet dysfunction
57
Mutations in ADPKD
PKD1 or PKD2
58
Associations of ADPKD
Berry aneurysms, mitral valve prolapse, benign hepatic cysts
59
ARPKD associated with what
Congenital hepatic fibrosis

Pathology Renal (1 decks)

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