renal

Question 1

renal function

Answer 1

excretory organ for metabolic waste

water and electrolyte balance

hormone production: EPO, renin, prostaglandins, hydroxylation of vitamin D

Question 2

glomerular filtration

Answer 2

plasma is filtered, constituents sorted by size and charge

small, positive or neutral things filtered

large, negatively charges things retained

abnormal glomerular barrier-albumin leaks

Question 3

what is proteinuria an indictator of?

Answer 3

indicator of glomerular damage IF there are no other sources of protein in urinary tract

often due to antigen-antibody deposition

Question 4

what does GFR depend on ?

Answer 4

renal plasma flow

blood volume

cardiac output

number of functional glomeruli

constriction/dilation of afferent/efferent arterioles

Question 5

tubular function

Answer 5

ion exchage

water balance

mineral balance

glucose/protein reabsorption

Question 6

decreased tubular function

Answer 6

can’t regulate electrolytes

can’t regulate water balance: PU/PD, dehydration

abnormalities in mineral balance

inability to resorb gluose/protein: glucosuria withh serum glucose <200, proteinuria

Question 7

why are tubulars cell not responsive to ADH?

Answer 7

cell death

interference by calcium, bacterial toxins, endocrine interference, diuretics

will be PU/PD

Question 8

what does ADH cause the tubular cells to do?

Answer 8

tubular cell allows reabsorption through aquaporin channels

tubular/interstitial osmotic concentration gradient to attract water–Generated by urea, Na, Cl

Question 9

what happens when concentration gradient is lost?

Answer 9

low BUN or electrolytes (medullary washout)

osmotic diuresis (glucose, ketones, drugs mannitol)

disruption of blood flow or tissue architecture

Question 10

why is PU/PD seen in liver failure?

Answer 10

lack of urea production

Question 11

in renal failure, urine cannot be concentrated because:

Answer 11

high solute loads to remaining nephrons are overwhelming

medullary hypertonicity is lost-tissue damage or abnormal blood flow

damaged cells less responsive o ADH

Question 12

causes of poorly concentrated urine

Answer 12

normal

renal failure

liver failure

hyper or hypoadrenocortism

diabetes (insipidus or mellitus)

pyometra

hypercalcemia

hypokalemia

medullary washout

post-obstructive