Renal

Question 1

What is the composition of intracellular and extracellular fluid?

Answer 1

extracellular is 1/3, intracellular is 2/3. infants have more extracellular than intra.

Question 2

What is trancellular fluid?

Answer 2

synovial, cerebrospinal, GI, (note that dense connective tissue and bone is not interstitial)

Question 3

What is thirst triggered by?

Answer 3

Osmolality, concentration of extracellular fluid

Question 4

What molecules can freely pass through the lipid bilayer?

Answer 4

hydrophobic and small, uncharged, O2 CO2 N2 H2O urea glycerol

Question 5

Nephron is made of what type of cells?

Answer 5

epithelial

Question 6

What controls the amount of fluid in the urine?

Answer 6

ADH, aldosterone, ANP and BNP

Question 7

Where is aldosterone produced from?

Answer 7

adrenal cortex, stimulated by angiotensin II and by increased concentration of K ions in the plasma

Question 8

NP oppose the action of aldosterone but not?

Answer 8

NP is not as strong as aldosterone

Question 9

What are the four processes of control of electrolyte homeostasis?

Answer 9

electrolyte intake, absorption, distribution, excretion

Question 10

three major mechanisms regulate acid base balance?

Answer 10

1. blood buffers 2. respiratory system 3. renal system

Question 11

Blood buffers

Answer 11

Weak acids release hydrogen ions when a fluid is too alkaline and a base that takes up hydrogen; also have phosphate and hemoglobin buffers, carbonic acid buffers

Question 12

4 types of blood buffers

Answer 12

Bicarb, phosphate, hemoglobin, protein

Question 13

Bicarb buffer system

Answer 13

bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid, 20:1 bicarb to carbonic acid ratio

Question 14

2nd line defense

Answer 14

Respiratory system; chemoreceptors in the brain sense CO2

Question 15

What acid does the respiratory system not respond to?

Answer 15

carbonic acid

Question 16

What is the third defense against AB imbalance?

Answer 16

Kidneys, can excrete any acid except for carbonic acid which is excreted by the lungs; excrete normal metabolic acids that the body makes

Question 17

When the kidneys buffer, which buffers used require the making of a new bicarb?

Answer 17

phosphates and ammonia

Question 18

Where does buffering occur?

Answer 18

in the proximal convoluted tubule (bicarb)

in the collecting duct: ammonia and phosphates

Question 19

Increased excretion of H increases what production?

Answer 19

Ammonia

Question 20

What reflects the effectiveness of renal regulation of metabolic acids?

Answer 20

Bicarb in the plasma

Question 21

What reflects the relative amount of metabolic acid in the blood?

Answer 21

Bicarb in the plasm

Question 22

What does a deceased plasma bicarb mean?

Answer 22

indicates a relative excess of metabolic acids, bicarb concentration is less than normal

Question 23

What does an increased plasma concentration mean?

Answer 23

deficit of metabolic acids, an excess of base

Question 24

How does your kidneys respond to carbonic acid?

Answer 24

Increases excretion of metabolic acids and H when you have high carbonic acids. Takes several days to fully work.

Question 25

What is ammonia made from and where?

Answer 25

Glutamine in the epithelial cell in the collecting duct.