Renal Flashcards
(103 cards)
1
Q
In to something
A
Afferent
2
Q
Out of something
A
Efferent
3
Q
Regulate blood ionic composition
Regulate blood volume
Regulate blood pressure
Maintain blood osmolarity
Produce certain hormones
Regulate blood glucose levels
Excrete wastes and foreign substances
A
Functions of the Kidneys
4
Q
Functions of the Kidneys
A
Regulate blood ionic composition
Regulate blood volume
Regulate blood pressure
Maintain blood osmolarity
Produce certain hormones
Regulate blood glucose levels
Excrete wastes and foreign substances
5
Q
Helps to regulate blood levels of ions like sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), calcium (Ca2+), chloride (Cl-), and phosphate (HPO42-)
A
ionic composition
6
Q
Kidneys excrete variable amount of hydrogen ions (H+) into urine and conserve bicarbonate ions (HCO3-); bicarb is important buffer of H+
A
Regulate blood pH
7
Q
Adjust blood volume by conserving or eliminating water into the urine
A
Regulate blood volume
8
Q
Kidneys excrete enzyme renin, this activates renin-angiotensin-aldosterone pathway; increased renin = increased blood pressure
A
Regulate blood pressure
9
Q
Separately regulates loss of water and loss of solutes in urine, kidneys maintain relatively constant osmolarity close to 300mOsm/liter
A
Maintain blood osmolarity
10
Q
Like the liver, the kidneys can use amino acid ____ in gluconeogenesis, which can then release new glucose into the blood stream to help maintain normal level
A
glutamine
11
Q
Kidneys produce the hormones ____ (active form of Vitamin D) ____ (stimulates production of RBC’s) and ___ (hormone/enzyme)
A
calcitriol
erythropoietin
renin
12
Q
Wastes produced by kidney?
A
Ammonia
Bilirubin
Creatinine
Uric Acid
Diet
Drugs
Environmental toxins
13
Q
Partially protected by the __ and ___ ribs
A
11th and 12th
14
Q
Concave ___ border (Hilum) faces the spinal column
A
medial
15
Q
Waste from deamination of amino acids?
A
ammonia & urea
16
Q
Waste from catabolism of hemoglobin?
A
bilirubin
17
Q
Waste from breakdown of creatine phosphate in muscle fibers?
A
creatinine
18
Q
Waste from the catabolism of nucleic acids?
A
uric acid
19
Q
Outermost layer of kidney
A
renal fascia
20
Q
Dense connective tissue anchors kidney to surrounding structure and retroperitoneal wall
A
renal fascia
21
Q
Middle layer
A
Adipose capsule
22
Q
Fatty tissue surrounding renal capsule, protection and holds kidney in place in cavity (aka “renal fat pad”)
A
Adipose capsule
23
Q
Innermost layer
innermost EXTERNAL layer
A
renal capsule
24
Q
Smooth, transparent connective tissue covering that is CONTINUOUS with ureters; helps maintain shape of kidney and offers protection
A
renal capsule
25
KNOW SLIDE 27 -- function and anatomy
Function and anatomy
26
Contains all of the glomeruli and convoluted tubules of nephrons
Also makes the columns that lay between pyramids
Cortex
27
Cortex
Contains all of the glomeruli and convoluted tubules of nephrons
Also makes the columns that lay between pyramids
28
Contains all of the loops of Henle and collecting ducts
Collection of all renal pyramids comprise the medulla
all the renal pyramids
medulla
29
medulla
Contains all of the loops of Henle and collecting ducts
Collection of all renal pyramids comprise the medulla
all the renal pyramids
30
one portion of the medulla
8-18 per kidney
Pyramid
31
Pyramid
one portion of the medulla
8-18 per kidney
32
narrow apex of the pyramid
Contains the papillary duct leading to minor calyx
papilla
33
papilla
narrow apex of the pyramid
Contains the papillary duct leading to minor calyx
34
space between renal pyramids
Is a portion of the renal cortex
Column
35
a functional region within the kidney
Pyramid (medulla) + overlying cortex + ½ each adjacent column (cortex)
Lobe
36
small chambers that collect urine directly from papilla
8-18 each kidney
Minor calyx
37
larger chambers that collect urine from multiple minor calyces
2-3 each kidney, extensions of ureters
Major calyx
38
major calyces drain into one large chamber (pelvis),
Renal pelvis
39
This mixes/collects all urine from entire kidney
Connects to the ureter outside of the kidney
Renal pelvis
40
The kidney is 3-dimensional, so in between the other structures there are spaces that house some adipose tissue, the blood vessels, and nerve supply
Renal sinuses
41
Indentation of kidney where ureter emerges with blood and lymphatic vessels, and nerves
(a region)
renal hilum
42
Renal blood flow is ___ per minute
Starts at aortic level and then branches from there into smaller vessels
1200mL
600mL per kidney
Total amount of blood in adult is 4500-5500mL
43
Specialized capillary called a ___ is involved in this flow
glomerulus
44
This glomerulus allows for ____, but not ___
filtration but NO REABSORPTION
Exits out of glomerulus, no entrance back into it
45
SLIDE 35 Know the blood supply
ok
46
Blood enters through a ___ and gets filtered through the glomerulus, then exits the ____ to flow into a capillary
corpuscle
47
Blood is filtered in the ___ , where things can be removed only
glomerulus
48
When in the ____, blood will still act like it does in any other capillary in the body – stuff will move in and out of the capillaries depending on pressure
peritubular capillaries/vasa recta
49
This capillary action at the _____ acts as a secondary filter
Depending on the body’s needs, it can reabsorb/secrete more water/solutes as needed
peritubular capillaries/vasa recta
50
As blood flows through, certain substances are removed from blood and placed into the urinary tubular system.This is known as ____
This is known as filtrate
51
Filtrate is first found in the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)
From there is flows through the tubules and then into collecting ducts
While in these ducts, things can still be added to it, or removed from it
ok
52
Once the filtrate leaves the ____, it is then called urine
collecting duct
53
Renal Corpuscle
Renal Tubule
Nephron
54
Glomerulus
Glomerular capsule (aka Bowman’s capsule)
Renal Corpuscle- where blood is filtered (two parts)
55
Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT)- attached to capsule
Loop of Henle (nephron loop)- middle section
Distal Convoluted tubule (DCT)- distant from capsule, empty into collecting duct
Renal Tubule- filtered contents (from blood; three parts)
56
Renal Tubule- filtered contents (from blood; three parts)
Proximal Convoluted tubule (PCT)- attached to capsule
Loop of Henle (nephron loop)- middle section
Distal Convoluted tubule (DCT)- distant from capsule, empty into collecting duct
57
Corpuscle and both convoluted tubules reside in ____
Only Loop of Henle extends into the renal ____
cortex
medulla
58
Renal corpuscles lie in outer portion of renal cortex
Short loops of Henle
Just barely reach into outer region of medulla
Peritubular capillaries only
Cortical nephron
59
Most of our nephrons are (85%)?
Cortical nephrons
60
Cortical nephron
Renal corpuscles lie in outer portion of renal cortex
Short loops of Henle
Just barely reach into outer region of medulla
Peritubular capillaries only
61
Renal corpuscles lie deep in the renal cortex
Long loops of Henle
Reach deep into medulla
Peritubular capillaries that give rise to the Vasa recta
Vasa recta: capillary bed that extends into medulla surrounding the Loop of Henle
Juxtamedullary nephron – 15% of nephrons
62
Renal corpuscles lie in the outermost portion of the cortex
Descending limb of loop of Henle barely dips into the renal medulla
After a hairpin turn, the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle returns to the cortex
Cortical Nephrons
63
Renal corpuscles lie in the cortex
Descending limb of loop of Henle dives deep into the renal medulla
Anatomy lends to very dilute and/or concentrated urine
After a hairpin turn, the ascending limb of the Loop of Henle climbs back to the cortex
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
64
In the ___ only, a specialized capillary system exists coming off of these peritubular capillaries (see next slide)
juxtamedullary nephrons
65
Coming from the peritubular capillaries, this type of capillary system dives deep into the renal medulla
Flows side by side each of the loops of Henle so that things can: Flow out of the capillaries and into the filtrate as well as
Out of the filtrate and into the capillaries
The design with the use of vasa recta is extremely important for keeping a constant osmotic (pressure) gradient so that things can flow in and out
Vasa Recta of juxtamedullary nephron
66
The arteriole coming into the corpuscle/glomerulus
Brings blood in for filtration
Wider lumen, thicker walls
Has much more capability to constrict or dilate when compared to efferent arteriole
Afferent arteriole
67
Ball of twine-like capillary structure that buds off of the afferent arteriole
Glomerulus
68
Modified simple squamous epithelial cells called podocytes
Glomerulus
69
Podocytes have fingerlike projections (____) that wrap around the glomerular capillaries
(glomerulus)
pedicels
70
leaving the corpuscle/glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
71
Brings blood with larger solutes (i.e. proteins) into the peritubular capillaries (or vasa recta) and then back into systemic circulation
Efferent arteriole
72
Smaller lumen size, thinner walls
Smaller lumen size aids in back-pressure sometimes needed for glomerular filtration (continued later in lecture)
Efferent arteriole
73
A single layer of epithelial cells forms the ___ wall of the glomerular capsule, renal tubule, and ducts
entire
Each section of cells has minor differences that allow for different functions
74
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells with prominent microvilli brush-border facing lumen (apical surface)
PCT- proximal convoluted tubule
75
Microvilli increase surface area for absorption and secretion
PCT- proximal convoluted tubule
76
Simple squamous epithelial cells
Loop of Henle
77
Principal cells- receptors for ADH and aldosterone
Intercalated cells- help play a role in blood pH
DCT- distal convoluted tubule
78
receptors for ADH/aldosterone in DCT?
Principal cells
79
Play a role in blood pH (DCT)?
intercalated cells
80
Simple cuboidal epithelial cells that also contain:
Principal cells- receptors for ADH and aldosterone
Intercalated cells- help play a role in blood pH
Collecting Duct
81
The fluid that enters the afferent arteriole and into the glomerulus
The fluid that gets “filtered” in the glomerulus
The leftover blood/serum and components not filtered into the glomerular capsule, leave the corpuscle via the efferent arteriole
Blood/Serum
82
The leftover blood/serum and components not filtered into the glomerular capsule, leave the corpuscle via the ___
efferent arteriole
83
The fluid/solutes that were filtered out of blood at the glomerulus
The fluid/solutes that enters the renal tubular system at the glomerular capsule
Fluid/solutes can still be reabsorbed/secreted over and over again
Filtrate
84
The fluid that gets “filtered” in the glomerulus
Blood/Serum
85
Once the filtrate leaves the collecting ducts, it is now called “urine”
Urine
86
Tubular secretion?
slide 64
87
water and many solutes found in blood move across the wall of the glomerulus, into the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) and into tubules
Glomerular filtration
88
Glomerular filtration
water and many solutes found in blood move across the wall of the glomerulus, into the glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule) and into tubules
89
water and solutes that are now flowing through the tubule system can get reabsorbed (~99% of filtrate is reabsorbed back into bloodstream)
Tubular reabsorption
90
Tubular reabsorption
water and solutes that are now flowing through the tubule system can get reabsorbed (~99% of filtrate is reabsorbed back into bloodstream)
91
due to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, there is still the chance to dump unwanted materials into the filtrate such as wastes, drugs, excess ions
Tubular secretion
92
Tubular secretion
due to the peritubular capillaries and vasa recta, there is still the chance to dump unwanted materials into the filtrate such as wastes, drugs, excess ions
93
once out of the collecting duct, there is no more opportunity for exchange; expelling waste matter
Excretion
94
Excretion
once out of the collecting duct, there is no more opportunity for exchange; expelling waste matter
95
___ liters of urine produced a day
1-2
96
Glomerular capillaries and ___ form a “leaky” barrier in the capsule
podocytes
Loosely packed- allows water and certain solutes to pass into capsular space
Prevents most plasma proteins, blood cells, platelets from getting into capsular space
97
three layers of filtration
fenestrations of endothelial cells
basement membrane/basal lamina
slit membranes
98
Prevents blood cells from passing, but allows all other components of blood plasma through
Fenestrations of endothelial cells (inner most layer of capillary)
99
Prevents large proteins from passing through
Basement membrane/Basal lamina (middle layer of capillary)
100
Prevents filtration of most other proteins
Slit membranes between pedicels (podocyte arms; outer most layer of capillary)
101
Interspersed throughout the glomerular capillaries
Mesangial Cells
102
Regulate surface area available for filtration
Mesangial Cells
103
When relaxed, surface area is maximal
When contracted, reduced area available
Mesangial Cells
