Renal

Question 1

what is the endocrine function of kidney?

Answer 1

production of EPO==> RBC production.

Also renin production for RAAS system.

Question 2

what type of membrane covers the kidney?

Answer 2

serosa

Question 3

what is the path of filteration from kidney?

Answer 3

nephron==>collecting duct==>minor calyx==>major calyx==>renal pelvis=>ureter=>bladder=>urethra.

Question 4

why does the parallelism of medullary rays matter?

Answer 4

important for osmotic-oncotic pressure gradient.

Question 5

how big is a renal corpuscle ?

Answer 5

200 um

Question 6

what is within the papilla from cortex to inner medulla?

Answer 6

cortex contains renal corpuscle and convulated tubules and collecting duct, then outer and inner medulla has medullary rays

Question 7

what does a renal corpuscle consist of ?

Answer 7

glomerulus, bowman’s capsule, urinary space

Question 8

how many layers does bowman’s capsule have and what are their epithelia?

Answer 8

2: parietal layer: simple squamous

visceral layer: podocyte cells which are epithelial derived

Question 9

what are podocytes for?

Answer 9

filteration apparatus of kidney

Question 10

what are mesangial cells and where are their located and what do they secrete?

Answer 10

contractile cells which affect blood flow, also phagocytic cells that clear away debris. Located between capillaries and podocytes. Secrete ECM

Question 11

is mesangial cell part of the filteration apparatus?

Answer 11

no

Question 12

what type of epi has proximal, distal convoluted tubules and medullary rays have?

Answer 12

P and D conv: simple cuboidal

medullary rays: also simple cuboidal, collecting ducts can be simple columnar

Question 13

what is initial and major site of reabsorption?

Answer 13

proximal convoluted tubule

Question 14

what are the special modifications of proximal convoluted tubules?

Answer 14

microville, junctional complex on lateral surface, plicae/folds on lateral surface, basal striations, numerous mitochondria in basal region.

Question 15

what are special modifications of DCT?

Answer 15

very short and few microvilli, junctional complex, plicae, basal striations, numerous mito

Question 16

what makes up the filtration apparatus?

Answer 16

glomerular capillaries, glomerular BM, visceral layer of bowman’s cap, slit diaphragm

Question 17

what are the characteristics of glomerular capillaries and BM?

Answer 17

capillaries are fenestrated 90nm diameter, lack diaphragm. BM is 35nm much thinker than normal

Question 18

what does the visceral layer of bowman’s cap contain?

Answer 18

pedicles of podocytes around capillaries

Question 19

what is excluded from the ultrafikterate?

Answer 19

plasma molecules more than 4nm, 70kDa mass and negative charged.

Question 20

what can pass the filtration apparatus?

Answer 20

high hydrostatic pressure forces small molecules like water, glucose,AA, urea and ions through. ALL passive transport

Question 21

what is juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 21

next to glomerulus:

1. macula densa
2. juxtaglomerular cells and 3. extraglomerular mesangial cells

Question 22

what is the function of juxtaglomerular apparatus?

Answer 22

regulate blood volume and composition via renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system/RAAS==>regulates BP

Question 23

what series of events lead to increase BP through juxtaglomerular apparatus effects?

Answer 23

1. low Na in DCT==>macula densa paracrine effect on juxta cells to release renin into blood==>increased BP.
2. fall in BP in afferent arteriole==> baroreceptors in arterioles stimulates symp activity to act on the heart via beta 1 receptors which also leads to renin production from juxta cells to increase bp.

Question 24

where are macula densa cells located at and what do they release?

Answer 24

located in the wall of DCT, they’re tall cells that release prostaglandins in response to low sodium which has a paracrine effect on juxta cells.

Question 25

where are juxta cells, what's their origin and function?

Answer 25

in arteriole walls, modified SM cells and release renin into blood in response to macula densa cells.

Question 26

where are extraglomerular mesangial cells and what are their functions?

Answer 26

outside glomerulus and near arteriole, pale staining, secretion of proteins which stimulate RBC production and angiogenesis.

Question 27

what type of epi is bladder? and describe their appearance

Answer 27

transitional epi, from apical to basal==> dome shaped cells (can be binuclear), columnar and then cuboidal.

Question 28

what type of epi is ureter?and what type of muscle does its MM have?

Answer 28

transitional epi, smooth muscle

Question 29

what type of epi does urethra in males and females have?

Answer 29

males: prostatic is transitional, membranous is also trans, penile is pseudostratified columnar initially then stratified squamous distally. Females: transitional initially, st.sq distally