Renal all Flashcards
(244 cards)
1
Q
tf kidney is located back of abd cavity
A
t
2
Q
kidney regulates blood —
A
composition
3
Q
kidneys To balance body water and inorganic ions maintaining stable concentrations in the —– medium
A
To balance body water and inorganic ions maintaining stable concentrations in the extracellular medium
4
Q
hematocrit is
A
rbc / blood vol
5
Q
tf wbc carry substantial vol
A
F minimal vol
6
Q
TF ureter comes from kidney and goes to urethra
A
F goes to bladder
7
Q
What are the arows and what do they do
A
afferent arterioles(perpendicular to interlobular artery)
constrict and dilate
regulate flow of blood
9
Q
tf aff artioles are innerve by PS innervat
A
F
Symp innerv.
10
Q
glomerular filtration happens at
A
glom. capillaries
11
Q
tf peritub cap come after the aff arterioles
A
F
comes after efferent arteriol
12
Q
which comes in between the 2 arteriole
thick asc. limb
bowmans capsule
thick descendning limb
A
thick asc limb
13
Q
number of distal tubules that drain into 1 collecting duct
A
10
14
Q
rank the right order
calyx pelvis ureter
pelvis calyx ureter
ureter calyx pelvis
A
calyx pelvis ureter
15
Q
TF for filtration to occur u need active transport to occur
A
F
u dont need anything to facilitate filtration
16
Q
TF in juxtaglomerular nephron the glomeruli are bigger and loop of henle are longer than cortical nephron
A
T
17
Q
granular and lot of dots
cortex with loop of henle
medulla
loop of henle
cortex with glomerular cap
A
cortex with glomerular cap
19
Q
A
afferent arterioles
20
Q
Vasa recta
exist in cortical nephron
are peritub cap of juxtagom nephron
are convoluted
A
are peritub cap of juxtagom nephron
arent convoluted
21
Q
convoluted peritub cap
A
cotrical nephron
23
Q
tf macula densa are apart of aff. arteriole
A
F
part of distal tubule
24
Q
granular cells are derive from — — cells of the — —
A
smooth muscle , aff arteriole
25
Q
in between eff. arteriole aff arterioles and distal tubule
A
mesangial cells
26
Q
which of the following is nt a responce to stimulate renin production in the granular cells
composition of fluid going thru distal tubule
pressure in aff arteriole
sympathetic output of kidney
pressur of eff arteriole
A
pressur of eff arteriole
27
Q
Na balance and Bp
A
Renin
28
sensor of fluid inside distal tubule
Macula densa
29
70 nm fenestration
endothelium covering BV
30
basement membrane
3rd layer outside glom cap
+ charge
glycoproteins
allows albumin which is negative charged
glycoproteins
31
correct the statement
podocytes make up parietal ep layer outside the glomerular cap. with interdigitating pedicels and form 40nm pores . they make up the 1st layer outside the BV.
podocytes make up visceral ep layer outside the glomerular cap.with interdigitating pedicels and form 4 nm pores . they make up the last layer outside the BV.
32
contraction of --- and --- regulate filtration permeability
mesangial cells and podocytes
mesangial cells and macula densa
macula densa and podocytes
mesangial cells and podocytes
33
layer preventing filtering of RBC
fenestartion
basement membrane
poocytes
fenestrations(endothelium)
34
which of the follwing wil not have a big drop in pressure
renal art
aff arteriole
eff arteriol
renal art
35
tf glom. cap pressure is function of pressure in aff and eff arterioles
T
36
37
tf filtration is an active process
F active
38
which of the following has a low reabsorption rate?
glucose
h20
Na
urea
urea
39
reabsorption changes in --- with---
parrallel ; filtration
40
describe the process of urea reabs
h2o reabs
conc of urea inc in tubules
then moves down conc gradient to cap
41
H20 impremeable in
thick descending limb
prox tubule
ascending limb
ascending limb
42
which 2 structures are needed to absorb salt in prx tubule
microvilli and mitochondria
43
required to absorb Na in tubules
Na/ k atpase
44
thick descending limb
has lot of microvilli
dissolves salt
h20 imperm.
dissolves h20 but no NA
dissolves h20 but no NA
doesnt have much microvili or mit.
45
tf na/ k atpase are on the luminal side of tubes
F on basolat. membrane
46
tf Na exchange with H exists in the prox tubule (to get NA into the cell)
T
48
early prox tubule
NA contransport with solutes
Na contransport withK and Cl
has a Na channel to get Na into the tubule cell
NA contransport with solutes
49
contains cotransport of Na and Cl to get Na into tubules cell
Prox tubule
Distal tubule
TAL
Distal tubule
50
which part of the renal tubule reab 67% of NA
prox tubule
51
tf all glucose get reab at prox tubule
T
52
Glucose tranport
SGLT1/2 on basolat. membrane
Na glucose cotransport on lumenal membrane
Na Glucose exchanger on luminal membane
invole GLUT 1 and 2 to get glucose into cap side
more than 1
more than 1
invole GLUT 1 and 2 to get glucose into cap side
Na glucose cotransport on lumenal membrane
53
filtered glucose is a function of
plasma glucose\*GFR
54
Tm limited
Na
Glucose
h20
glucos
transporter get saturated and cause excretion of Glucose because glucose cant get into cap (reabs)
55
2/3 get reabs in prox tubule
h20
na
glucoese
h2o and Na
56
h20 reabs is --- in the prox tubule
isosmotic(follows salt)
57
high osmolarity in medulla causes H2O reabs in
descending limb
58
59
diabetes mellitus
nill reabs of glucose
no gradient for h2o
h20 in tube and get excreted
60
aqp1
exists in?
prox tubule and thick descending limb
(on luminal membrane and basolateral mem)
61
ADH triggers --- from vesicles to fuse on luminal membrane
AQP1
AQP2
AQP3
AQP4
AQP2
62
contain proteins
Glom cap
63
peritub cap
larger oncotic pressure than hydrostatic pressure of tubes
64
tub. secretion important for
H and K
65
H and K
secreted in tubules
66
na and h2o
not secreted
67
68
vol of ecf reg by
amt of salt in body
69
most of Na available in
ECF
70
pressure or vol inc from Na are detected by
baroreceptors
71
responce of baroreceptors to inc(pressure or vol)
tell kidney to excrete salt
72
load dependent
more Na filtered more resorbed Proxt tubule and Thick ascending limb
73
maintain intak=excretion
distal tube and CD
74
limited capacity for resorption of NA
distal tube and CD
75
tf when u gain or lose NA the first site to be affected is distal segment
T
76
tf when there is loss of salt then more na is resorbed in the prox tubule
T
77
NO acts in NA constraction stimulates na resorption at prox tubulte inh na resorbtion at prox tubule
inh na resorbtion at prox tubule happens when NA inc(ecf expansion)
78
tf symp and ang1 stimulate na resorption at prox tubule when there is loss of NA
F symp and ang2
79
tf NA amt reabsorbed in distal tubule is low
F small percent but large amt
80
which of the following doesnt inh. resorption of NA at distal tubule? no PG ANP ALdosterone
aldosterone inc NA absorption when Na is intaken(ecf expansion)
81
which of the function is function of aldoesteron Na resorption by kidney inc adh sec and leads to water retention more thirst arteriolar vasoconstrictor(restore BP)
Na resorption by kidney other by Ang 2
82
which of following reg how much aldosterone secreted in plasma renin ang1 ang 2 angiotensinogen
renin
83
renin released
from granular cells
84
ANP
inc in high ecf cases(NA intake)
85
TF RAA system inc na excretion
f dec it
86
h20 reabs in prox tubule is
isoosmotic follows NA
87
tf most of water is reabsorbed at prox tubule anddistal tubule
F distal tubule is imperm to water
88
tf passive transport maintain 200 mOsm gradient in the medulle between tubules cells and int fluid
f active transport
89
equilibrates with interstitial fluid
descending limb
90
oblig water loss
.5l / day
91
diuresis
low adh
92
in diuresis osmomolarity is more in cd osmolarity in less in cs salt cant be reabrorb in CD
osmolarity in less in cs because salt is reabsorbed in CD
93
active transport out of ascending limb
concentrate the interstitium
94
action of ADH to reabsorb water at CD needs
loop of henle needed to set up stage of concentrating interstitium
95
wat helps maintain int. molarity
vasa recta
96
adh constrict ----,; results in---- solute in medulla
vasa recta; less
97
adh sec by
post pit
98
tf to restore osmolarity osmorecptors alone are adequate to inc adh
f need to drink h2o
99
tf baroreceptor only inh ADH receptors when you have inc vol
f they are constantly inhibiting ADH receptors
100
tf osmorecptor and baroreceptor both both have adh as effectors
t
101
vol receptor
baroreceptor
102
sense plasma osmolality
osmoreceptor
103
ecf expansion and anp
inh thirst and adh release
104
tf body temp is highest from 3-6 pm
T lowest from 3-6 am
105
tf ovulation has .5 degree celcus dec in temp
f inc
106
homeotherms
maintain body temp in narrow range
107
major way to get heat from core to skin
convection
108
which of the following isnt a way to eliminate heat convection conduction radiation
radiation
109
convection
fluid movement
110
conduction
diffusion and collision of particles
111
bigger velocity
--\> bigger gradient in temp (convection)
112
True false being in cold water increases the amount of heat that is lost from you
T water has higher heat capacity than air
113
wate vapour pressure on skin --- with sweat and carries --- because of the ----
inc;heat; gradient(water more pressure than air)
114
where do temp sensors exist
pre optic area and ant hyp, entire skin surface
115
tf temp sensory have merkel corpsucle
F have free nerve ending
116
example of acral skin
face lip finger
117
tf trunk and limbs have low conc of temp receptor
T
118
tf acral skin have higher onc of temp receptor
T(fine temp discrimination
119
tf when warm receptor stim there is depol and action potential
T ion channel open depol inc in AP
120
capsaicin
stim warm receptor
121
menthol and oil or wintergreen
stim cool sensation
122
tf in body core thermoreceptor there are only cold thermoceptors
F only warm
123
which is false about core thermceptors in brain in SC responds to 10 degree diff between mean can exist in muscles
responds to 10 degree diff between mean --\> 2-4 degree
124
skin therm receptors tell u to turn on heat loss mech more agresive in hot env to turn on heat loss mech more agresive in cold env to turn on heat loss mech less agresive in hot env
to turn on heat loss mech more agresive in hot env
125
tf core body thermoceptors inc met rate same amt for diff skin thermoceptors.
F for higher skin thermoceptor the temp is less skin thermoceptors alter sensitivity to body core thermceptor
126
Brown adipose tissue
inc rate of metab
127
cutaenous ciruclation
inc blood to skin
128
vasocontrict to skin
less heat loss
129
TF ANS control cut circulation
T
130
shivering
invol clonic rhythmic contractions and relaxation
131
which of the following has noradrenagenic stim for cut circ of skin vasoconstrition vasodil of acral skin vasodil of non acral skin
vasoconstriction
132
tf vasodil of acral skin involves bypassing cap
t
133
tf vasodil of acral skin use symp ns
F doesnt
134
kallikrein is released in vasoconstrition vasodil of acral skin vasodil of non acral skin
vasodil of non acral skin
135
kallikrein; bradykin 1st second second 1st vasodil; comes from activated sweat gland involved in vasodil of acral skin
1st second
136
tf brown adipose tissue only found in infants
F
137
Infants
thin shell of fat and skin and more susceptible to heat loss
138
which 2 inc UCP T3 and FA FA and T2 protein kinase and T3 5 deiodinase and alpha 1 receptor
T3 and FA
139
in brown adipose tissue B3 stim by NE ultimately make Lipase (convert TG to FA) B3 stim by NE make 5' deiodinase T3 converts to T2 via 5' deiodinase
B3 stim by NE ultimately make Lipase (convert TG to FA)
140
TF in brown adipose tissue UCP reverse gradient of H + into inner mit membrane. ATP synthase does the opposite
T
141
Non shiver thermogenesis happens in
brown addpose cells
142
hyperthermia
core temp above limits
143
hyperthermia
hot humid env with phys activity
144
tf in hyperthermia inc in core temp by less radiative heat loss less conductive heat loss more evap heat loss 1 and 2
1 and 2
145
inc radiation and metabolism
cause hyperthemia
146
tf in hypothermia shivering and cutaneous constriction is sufficient
F not sufficienct have to get out of water
147
fever in hot env
heat loss mech off
148
fever in cold env
heat loss mech on
149
fever in---
fever in cold env
151
inc of temp in fever
improve t lymph proliferation
152
tf t lymphocyte proliferate greater in vitro when at 39 then 37 degrees Celsius
T
153
heat loss neurons on
fever i cold
154
shift balance point of temp of 37 dgress celcius
Fever or excersize
155
156
at the thick ascending limb
K is transferred to caps at basolateral membrane by
cotransport wih Cl
pump
channel
1 and 3
1 and 3
157
tf
at prox tubule k is reabs intracellularly and secondary to water and diffusion
F
reabs paracellularly
159
how does K get into tubular cell at luminal membrane
cotransport wih 2 cl and na
160
TF collecting duct and distal convoluted tubule
can reabsorb and sec K
T
161
hypokalemia (low plasma K) which cells in CD reab K
intercalated cells
162
tf principla cell secrete K into urine
T
163
Lot of K in diet
Principle cells work to take secrete K in CD andDCT
164
At basolateral membrane of Principle cells
K/Na atpase bring K into cell from cap
K/Na atpase bring K into cap from tubular cell
K channels bring K into tubular cell to be secreted
K/Na atpase bring K into cell from cap
165
What is on the lumanal membrane of principle cells to secrete K
K channel
166
K channels are on intercalated cells to
transfer K from lumen to Tubular cell
reabsorb K from tub. cell to cap
take ATP to reabs K
reabsorb K from tub. cell to cap
167
In urine
1-20% excreted of K
168
determine amt of K goes to urine
principle cells of CD
169
tf hyperkalemia stimulates NaK pump and inc. luminal permeability independent of Aldosterons sec.
T
170
inc plasma K levels will:
inc Na/K pump at prox tubule
inc. luminal permeability of CD
dec. aldosterone secretion
inc. luminal permeability of CD
inc. ald and inc. Na k pumps on basolater side of CD cells
171
aldosterone
insert transport proteins
## Footnote
and make transporter
172
acidosis
inc. k excretion
dec. K excretion
inc. K excretion
173
effect of inc. tubular flow
inc. k excretion
174
175
metabolism produces
h ions
176
gain H; lose H
kidney ;urine
177
buffer for H
bicarb
178
resp acidosis
accum of CO2 which makes H
179
any problem with ventilation
inc CO2
180
diabetics and hypoxia
produce acid
181
normal diet
make diet
182
net exogenous acid production
acid made from protein digestion and diabetes and hypoxia
183
tf amt of acid in body is less than ingest per day
true
184
tf most of bicarb reabsorption occurs in prox tubule an none goes into urine
t
185
tf bicarb is reabsorbed at all parts of renal tubule
t
186
at the prox tubule --- bicarb is reabs and --- h+ is secreter
1;1
187
prox tubule luminal mebrane how do you get H+ out into lumen
thru exchanger(with NA) and pumP
188
how does HCO3 get to cap at basolat membrane of Prox tubule
cotransport with NA
exchange with Cl
190
at luminal side of the collecting duct
H get secreted by
pump with H+
and exchange with K(need ATP)
191
how does hco3 get to cap side in CD
exchange with CL
193
tf in prox tubule and collecting duct
h secreted and HCO3 reabsorbed
t
and both 1;1
196
intercalated alpha type cell occurs
at CD to resorb bicarb
197
in intercalated beta cells of the cd
hco3 secreted in eaxchanged for
* CL
198
principal cells have wat features
aqp2 and Na channel
located in CD
199
exhange of h with urinary buffer
h+ with atp pump
bicarb exchange for CL
200
interacalated cells
H pump
201
beta intercalated types cells are used to
transfer hco3 to tube in alkalosis(excess hco3 in blood)
202
purpose of interacalated alpha; vs beta cells
reabsorb bicarc; secrete bicarb
204
reabs H+ and secretion of Bicarb occurs in
interacalate alpha
intercalated beta
prox tubule
intercalated beta
206
tf ammonium production and bicarb reabsorption are 1;1 in the proximla tubule
(h excretion from urine)
T
207
NH4 reabsorbs -----
and get resecreted as -----
at thick ascending limb
nh3 in the collecting duct
208
contributes to 2/3 of acid excretion from urine
ammonium production
209
tf ammonium production to excrete acids in urine is ridge and take up 2/3 of total acid excretion in urine
f
flexible
2/3 correct
210
during ammonium formation to excrete acid in urine
glut braks down to bicarb and nh4(1;1)
nh4 dissolves away to tubular fluid alone
nh3 is exchanged for na on the tub. membrane
glut braks down to bicarb and nh4(1;1)
211
renal failure
patient cant get rid of acid
212
diabetic acidosis
inc nh4 and ta in cap
213
acidosis
inc in acid in tubular cells
214
what does acidosis trigger
transporter and enzyme secretion to transport acids(nh4 and TA) to urine
215
excersizing
met. acidosis
216
diahrreha
met. acidosis
217
vomit
met. alkalosis
218
trigger hypervent
met acid.
219
trigger hypovent
met. alk.
220
tf metabolic acidosis results in low ph and high pCO2
F
low both
221
222
tf most of k is in interceullular fluid
T
223
t/f 2/3 of fluid in body is ecf
f it is icf(28l to 14 l)
224
plasma k when lower than 3.5 meq/l
hypokalemia
225
normal plasma conc
3.5-5 meq/l
226
what is the effect on the right
low k outside
hyperpolarized and hard to get to threshold
227
symptoms of the curve on right
increased K on outside
very excitable
230
det resting potential
k out
231
after a meal plsma k increases stim k uptake thru
na/ k atpase
232
insuline and epeniephrine
inc k uptake by inc. na k atpase turnover rate
233
hyperkalemia
caused by insulin deficiency and beta antagonist
234
epinephrine bind to -- to inc na/k atpase turnover rate and k is brought into the cell
beta receptor
235
treatment for hyperkalema
b agonist and insulin
236
2 factors inc na/k atpase pump
so that k can be absorbed in tissue cells
plasma k
insulin and epinephrine
237
tf after plasma K inc after a meal it immediately get translocated in a tissue cell and then immediately the plasma k level goes down to normal
F the plasma k level stays elvated to signal kidney to get rid of K by having more pumps activated
238
tf after k accumulates in tisses cells after intestinal absorption there is fast renal excretion
F
renal excretion is very slow (little by little goes ijnto urine)
239
plasma k
and aldosterone
signal excretion k in urine
240
tf after K is absorbed in the intestines it immediately stays in the ECF
F
ECF doesnt want to saturate and it get transferred to Tissues
241
242
inc volume
signal for kidney to excrete more salt
243
244
less o2 and insulin
cause Acid from fat and carb
245
carotid bodie and chemoreceptor
trigger hypervent when there is in H from food
246
tf int.alpha cells reabsorb most HCO3
F
proximal kidney cells do
247
248
tf K is more prevalent in ECF
F
249
alpha int and principle cells
K transport in CD
250
Alkalosis
stimulates potassium secretion
251
252
heat loss to water
ex of convection
253
inc. flow thru arteriovenus anastomoses
cut. circulation
254
symp. vasodil
non acral skin
255
kallikrein released in cut circ of
non acral skin
256
sweat gland act by
symp.
257
impaired ability to shiver and sweat
infants
258
tf warm core thermoreceptors are always on
t
