RENAL ANATOMY

Question 1

-paired, bean-shaped organs which is found in either side of our
spinal column

Answer 1

● Kidneys

Question 2

• about the size of a fist which measures around _______cm
• specific location of your kidneys in our body it is between your
  _________of the spinal column

Answer 2

10 to 12 cm
T12 to L3

Question 3

• outermost
• containing blood vessels connected to nephrons

Answer 3

● Renal Cortex

Question 4

• innermost
• contains 8-12 renal pyramids, which contains 1 million
  nephrons

Answer 4

● Renal Medulla

Question 5

• central region of region, location of renal sinuses (cavity
  inside kidney) where urine is collected continuing to the
  ureter

Answer 5

● Renal Pelvis

Question 6

functional unit of the kidney
-________________ are in the renal
cortex

Answer 6

Nephron
Glomerulus and convoluted tubule

Question 7

afferent arteriole ⮕ glomerulus ⮕ efferent arteriole ⮕
bowman’s capsule and space ⮕ proximal convoluted
tubule ⮕ loop of henle (thick and thin descending and
thick and thin ascending) ⮕ distal convoluted tubule⮕
collecting ducts

Answer 7

B. MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY
Pathway

Question 8

____________is the cluster of capillaries while bowman’s
capsule is a single layer of epithelial cells

Answer 8

Glomerulus

Question 9

surrounds proximal and distal convoluted
tubule
- function is absorbance

Answer 9

● Peritubular capillaries

Question 10

meshwork of capillary system
- surrounds loop of henle
- function is either concentrating or diluting urine

Answer 10

● Vasa Recta

Question 11

helps control our blood pressure
- indirectly helps maintain level of
sodium and potassium

Answer 11

Renin

Question 12

• stimulate red blood cell production

Answer 12

Erythropoietin

Question 13

• helps on absorption of calcium

Answer 13

➔ 1,25-Dihydroxy vitamin D3

Question 14

• regulation of renal blood flow

Answer 14

➔ Prostaglandins

Question 15

➔ around 1200-1500 ml per minute

Answer 15

1. Renal blood flow

Question 16

➔ the product of glomerulus

Answer 16

2. Glomerular filtration

Question 17

130 -150 mL/min

Answer 17

Glomerular filtrate

Question 18

volume of blood filtered per minute

Answer 18

➔ Glomerular filtration rate:

Question 19

• presence of two arterioles

Answer 19

1. High pressure

Question 20

cut off value of molecular
size that is able to pass
through is 66,000 daltons,
exceeding that size will not
be permitted to pass

Answer 20

2. Semi-permeable

Question 21

repel all substance that cary
negative charges

Answer 21

3. Negatively- charged basement
   membrane

Question 22

making too much aldosterone
and increase of sodium level

Answer 22

Conn syndrome

Question 23

• not producing enough
  aldosterone

Answer 23

• Addison’s Disease

Question 24

increased antidiuretic hormone, more
water being absorbed

Answer 24

SIADH

Question 25

decreased antidiuretic hormone, decrease water being reabsorbed

Answer 25

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 26

movement of substance from the peritubular capillary plasma to the tubular lumen ➔ tubular cells secrete products of their own cellular metabolism to the filtrate in the tubular lumen

Answer 26

. Tubular secretion

Question 27

standard test used to measure the filtering capacity of the glomeruli - measures the rate at which the kidneys are able to remove a filterable substance from the blood

Answer 27

➔ Clearance Tests

Question 28

➔ Clearance Tests

Answer 28

1. Urea clearance test 2. Creatinine clearance test

Question 29

➢ gold standard but requires intravenous infusion, is expensive and time consuming

Answer 29

3. Inulin clearance

Question 30

available in the body, is an inhibitor of cysteine proteinase ➢ not affected by sex, age, and muscle mass ➢ very difficult to measure and is expensive ➢ being completely reabsorbed, once present in urine, it means a sign of kidney failure

Answer 30

4. Cystatin C

Question 31

protein expressed by neutrophil ➢ if there is an acute kidney injury, immediately rise within 2-6 hours, useful predictor of acute injury ➢ disadvantage is that is has no specificity, NGAL can also increase with other disorders

Answer 31

NGAL

Question 32

- Exceeding concentration of substance in the blood in which the kidneys begin to remove it to the urine

Answer 32

Renal Threshold

Question 33

➔ first function to be affected when a patient has renal diseases

Answer 33

● Tubular Reabsorption Tests

Question 34

determine the ability of tubules to reabsorb the essential salts and water that have been non-selectively filtered by the glomerulus

Answer 34

➔ Concentration Tests

Question 35

measure the concentration of analytes in the urine

Answer 35

1. Osmolality and Osmolarity

Question 36

number of osmose of solute in kilograms

Answer 36

Osmolality

Question 37

number of osmose in liter

Answer 37

Osmolarity

Question 38

measure the amount of solute-free water being excreted in the kidney

Answer 38

2. Free Water clearance

Question 39

➢ ‘looking at specific gravity ➢ 24 hr water deprivation

Answer 39

3. Fishberg Test

Question 40

➢ looking at specific gravity ➢ day vs night

Answer 40

4. Mosenthal Test

Question 41

to measure the exact amount of blood flowing through the kidney, it is necessary to use a substance that is completely removed from the blood (peritubular

Answer 41

● Tubular Secretion Tests and Renal Blood Flow Tests

Question 42

non toxic substance ➢ not present on the body so it is being taken orally ➢ loosely bound to plasma protein

Answer 42

1. PAH (p-aminohippuric) test

Question 43

measure the amount of acid present in the solution

Answer 43

2. Titratable acidity

Question 44

➢ total acidity - titratable acidity (hydrogen ion present) = concentration of ammonia

Answer 44

3. Urinary Ammonia