Renal Anatomy / Histology

Question 1

What is normal renal mobility?

Answer 1

3 cm

1 vertebral body

Question 2

What vertebral bodies correspond to the location of the kidneys?

Answer 2

T12-L3

Question 3

What fascia is the renal fascia contiguous with?

Answer 3

diaphragmatic fascia and adventitial layer of renal vessels

Question 4

From anterior to posterior, what order to the vessels enter the renal hilum?

Answer 4

Vein
Artery
Renal pelvis

Question 5

What structure excretes urine into the minor calyces?

Answer 5

Renal papilla

Question 6

What is the path of urine flow from the kidney?

Answer 6

renal pyramid => renal papilla => minor calyx => major calyx => renal pelvis => ureter => bladder => urethra

Question 7

Where are constrictions of the ureters normally seen?

Answer 7

Junction of ureters & renal pelves
Crossing of pelvic inlet
Passage through wall of urinary bladder

Question 8

Which kidney is well protected by the 11th and 12th ribs, and why is it better protected than the other?

Answer 8

The left kidney b/c it is more superior than the right

Question 9

Which renal vein is longer?

Answer 9

Left renal vein

Question 10

Into what structure do the renal veins drain

Answer 10

Inferior vena cava

Question 11

Into what lymph node do the renal lymph vessels drain?

Answer 11

R/L lumbar LNs

Question 12

Which kidney is palpable and where?

Answer 12

The right kidney, between the 12th rib and iliac crest

Question 13

What is renal vein entrapment syndrome?

Answer 13

Compression of the L renal vein by the abdominal aorta

Question 14

What is the cause of bifid renal pelvis?

Answer 14

incomplete division of ureteric bud

Question 15

What is the cause of supernumerary kidney?

Answer 15

Complete division of ureteric bud

Question 16

Through what part each of the kidneys does the transpyloric plane run?

Answer 16

Left: just superior to the hilum
Right: Superior pole

Question 17

What kind of tissue is the renal fascia?

Answer 17

dense irregular CT

inner layer of myofibroblasts

Question 18

Which part of the kidney contains renal corpuscles?

Answer 18

renal cortex

Question 19

What constitutes a renal lobe?

Answer 19

single renal pyramid & adjacent renal cortex & columns

Question 20

What is the path of the ureter?

Answer 20

kidney => abdominal cavity => over ileum => pelvis => bladder

Question 21

What supplies afferent arterioles?

Answer 21

Cortical radiate arteries

Question 22

What arteries supply the portions of the kidney that can be individually resected?

Answer 22

Segmental arteries (renal segments)

Question 23

What regulates vascular flow to the kidneys?

Answer 23

ANS

Question 24

Where do the sympathetic nerves that supply the kidneys synapse? What nerves are they?

Answer 24

Aorticorenal Ganglia

Lesser and Lease splanchnic nerves

Question 25

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidneys?

Answer 25

vagus n

Question 26

What constitutes a nephron?

Answer 26

Glomerulus Bowman's Capsule Renal tubules

Question 27

What constitutes a urine carrying unit?

Answer 27

Nephron collecting duct (cortical and medullary) papillary duct

Question 28

What is the path of urine from the glomerulus to minor calyx?

Answer 28

Bowmans capsule => proximal convoluted tubule => proximal straight tubule => descending thin LOH => ascending thin LOH => thick ascending LOH => distal convoluted tubule => collecting tubule => cortical collecting duct => medullary collecting duct => papillary duct => minor calyx

Question 29

What is the renal interstitium

Answer 29

loose CT w/ fibroblasts that produce EPO in response to decreased O2

Question 30

What are cortical/medullary rays?

Answer 30

Aggregations of collecting ducts & straight tubules running btwn renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules within the cortex

Question 31

What are the two components of the renal corpuscle?

Answer 31

Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule

Question 32

How does the thick luminal glycocalyx of the glomerular endothelium aid in filtration?

Answer 32

It is negatively charged and therefore selective of cations to pass

Question 33

What two chemokines can the glomerular epithelium produce? | In response to what hormone are they produced?

Answer 33

NO and PGE2 released in response to angiotensin II

Question 34

What 2 collagens and 2 proteins are found in the glomerular basement membrane?

Answer 34

Type 4 and 18 collagens | Laminin, entactin

Question 35

Where are Mesanglial cells found?

Answer 35

visceral layer of Bowman's capsule, in direct contact w/ glomerular endothelial cells

Question 36

What is the most active tubule in resorption and secretion?

Answer 36

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 37

What are the hallmarks of the proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 37

simple cuboidal epithelium, abdundant microvilli, lots of mitochondria, basolateral infolding

Question 38

What kind of tissue is found in the LOH?

Answer 38

thin: simple squamous epithelium thick: simple cuboidal epithelium

Question 39

What two hormones act on the distal convoluted tubule? What do they do?

Answer 39

Angiotension II - influences Na+ resorption | PTH - influences Ca2+ resorption

Question 40

How can light/principal cells be identified?

Answer 40

Ciliated surface - target of aldosterone | cilia detect fluid flow

Question 41

What do dark/intercalated cells do?

Answer 41

Involved in H+ and HCO3+ transport

Question 42

What two structures do the efferent capillaries branch into?

Answer 42

Peritubular capillaries or vasa recta

Question 43

In what structures is transitional epithelium found?

Answer 43

bladder, ureters, renal pelves, renal calyces

Question 44

What do fusiform vesicles do?

Answer 44

The allow the urothelium to extend its plasma membrane to allow distention of the tissue

Question 45

What is the trigone of the bladder?

Answer 45

inferior & posterior wall where ureters and urethra open

Question 46

What tissue is found in the urethra?

Answer 46

From proximal to distal: transitional epithelium pseudostratified columnar stratified squamous epithelium

Question 47

Which urethral is innervated by the ANS? which is the SNS?

Answer 47

internal urethral sphincter - ANS | external urethral sphincter - SNS

Question 48

What kind of urethra is found in females? Males?

Answer 48

Females: Membranous urethra Males: Prostatic urethra, membranous urethra, spongy urethra